Stallman investigated the effect of allocating or not allocating common costs as these allocations are reflected in divisional income calculations. Questionnaire packets, containing two sets of corporate data and a request for numerous judgments, were sent to a random sample of members on the rosters of the Financial Analysts Federation and the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts. A total of 121 respondents provided analytically usable data (for a response rate of 11.33 percent). With regards to the sample, McDonald suggested that, if the experiment is repeated, some less sophisticated inventors should be included. 2 The reported results were based on the respondents' judgments of an estimated long-run investment value for a share of stock. Analysis revealed that statistically significant differences in stock valuation esti-

Journal Article Present Values Playing the Role of Efficiency Prices in the One-Good Growth Model Get access D. Cass, D. Cass Carnegie-Mellon University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. E. Yaari M. E. Yaari Hebrew University, Jerusalem Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 38, Issue 3, July 1971, Pages 331–339, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296386 Published: 01 July 1971

I. Goals and methodology, 304. — II. The Cairncross theory, 306. — III. Construction of a model, 308. — IV. Testing the model, 311. — V. The results and their implications, 318. — VI. A simple correlation analysis, 322. — VII. Conclusions, 324.

It appears to a widely held view that corporations with similar operational characteristics ought to have similar financial characteristics. For example, one might expect that the financial characteristics of two drug companies would be similar. This seems entirely reasonable. Unfortunately however, there does not appear to be any quantitative analysis of this point in the literature. Furthermore, discussions with our financial colleagues lead to the conclusion that, if such financial differentiation of corporations were possible, it is by no means obvious what the variables of differentiation would be. Consequently, such an analysis was undertaken and is described in this paper. The basic question asked is whether the statistical grouping of corporations by their financial characteristics is similar to their predetermined, external, industrial classification.

This paper has explored a problem presented by introducing formal measures of risk into firm decision making. Risk measured in the firm's asset collection may not equal risk in the claims against the assets, with a resulting inequality of valuations in an a priori balance sheet. This nonadditivity problem does not occur if covariance with some external portfolio is used as the risk measure. Computer testing has suggested that the nonadditivity problem could occur in considerable magnitude if variance were used as a risk measure, and to a substantially lesser extent if standard deviation (or the coefficient of variation) were used. Nonadditivity problems in the measures were worse in rather high (but not ultra-high) debt-use ranges and did not exist at all as long as debt was used so moderately that no chance of default was foreseen. While no findings were stated on this point, intuition and some unreported work done by one of the authors both suggest that nonadditivity would also be a problem in mixed risk measures, in which both covariance with an external portfolio and a measure of dispersion in the firm's own portfolio are employed.

The advent of the computer has permitted financial theorists to collect and analyze large amounts of financial data. In the field of investments some of the most important work has focused on historical rates of return in investments in common stocks. The classical study in this area is the Fisher-Lorie study [8, 9] in which intern al rates of return were calculated for every security listed on the New York Stock Exchange from 1926–1965. Other studies related to the area have been complicated by Herzog [10], Fisher [6, 7], Latané and Young [11], Soldofsky and Biderman [12], and Evans [3, 4].

The problem considered in this paper is the optimal expansion or contraction of credit by a single bank in response to a change in its reserve account. Such a change is usually not of an exogenous nature when the entire operations of the bank are considered. Quite often, the change in the reserve position comes as a result of the bank's decision to engage in securities transactions, thereby changing its mix of reserves and securities without affecting the total asset position of the bank. We do not consider the overall portfolio selection problem faced by the bank; we assume that changes in the reserve account from such decisions are exogenous to our models.