Knowledge that Transforms

I. The isolationism of the orthodox, Marxist, and historical schools in their concepts of economic science, 439; in their distribution theory, 441. — IL Problems of definition and classification, 442; distinction between "ultimate" and working problem, 444. — III. Formulation of the ultimate problem of distribution theory, 445. — IV. The working problem of the orthodox or maximization school, 447; of the Marxist school, 451; of the historical school, 457. — V. Components of isolationism, 465. — VI. Origins of isolationism, 468. — VII. Conclusion, 471.

I. Introduction: constant proportions and fixed "plant" as restrictions compared to the optimum, 361. — II. The possibility that constant proportions will be a greater restriction than fixed "plant, " 362. — III. Three possible locations of constant proportions line, plant line and scale line, 365.

I. Bretton Woods and convertibility, 212. — II. The Exchange Control Act of 1947, 214. — III. Sterling balances, 216. — IV. Sterling area agreements, 218. — V. The American Account, Transferable Account and Bilateral areas; and their relative importance, 222. — VI. Payments agreements with the Transferable Account area, 226. — VII. And with the Bilateral area, 230. — VIII. "Administrative Transferability, " 233. — IX. The intra-European payments agreement and American aid, 234.

I. Basic American labor conditions and distinctive characteristics of American trade unions, 1. — II. Efforts of the government to protect the right to organize and some of their unintended results, 6. — III. Provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act, 8. — IV. Areas where the law has not brought about important changes, 12. — V. Areas where the law has produced important changes, 21. — VI. Good features of the law, 20. — VII. Provisions of the law which deal with the “right” problems, but which are poorly worked out, 23. — VIII. Bad provisions in the law, 28. — IX. Basic characteristics of a good law, 29.

I. Introduction: the nature of the problem, 289; alternative pricing systems, 292; standards of public policy, 293. — II. Pricing practices and the level and flexibility of margins, 294; and the level of costs, 297. — III. Pricing practices and the long run adaptation of capacity to demand, 300; the location of producers, 304; and the allocation of transport resources, 305. — IV. Pricing practices and capacity in relation to cyclical fluctuations in demand, 306; and the organization of the industry, 309. — V. Summary and conclusions, 313.

I. Introduction, 342. — II. A goal to be attained: a social science, 343. — III. Objectivity of the goal, 348. — IV. Social philosophy and ethics, 353. — V. A practical and normative science, 357. — VI. Conclusion, 360.

I. Interregional trade in the United States, 392. — II. Traditional explanations, 393. — III. Payments data for the United States, 396. — IV. The role of Treasury transfers, 400. — V. Summary, 407.

Introduction, 238. — I. Selling Policy, 239. — II. Integration, 244. — III. Buying Policy, 247. — IV. Conclusions, 255.

I. General comments: the use of mathematics by Hicks and by Samuelson, 111. — II. Samuelson's treatment of cost and production, 114. — III. Hicks and Samuelson on consumers' demand, 118. — IV. Samuelson's dynamics: difference equations, 121.