[Accounting histories have dated the advent of sophisticated cost management from the mid-1880s (Solomons 1952). The scientific management movement is credited with instituting and popularizing cost management techniques. However, it might be suspected that British entrepreneurs of the Industrial Revolution would have developed sophisticated costing techniques earlier, given their significant methodological advances in other economic areas. This article reports the findings from surviving business records of 25 sizeable British industrial firms (mostly in the iron and textile industries) from 1760 to 1850. Substantial evidence of a relatively mature cost management has been found in four major areas of activity: cost control techniques, accounting for overhead, costing for routine and special decision making, and standard costing. Speculations about the motivations for cost management and about specific factors influencing the iron and textile industries are considered. Because the accounting practices of these firms predated the genesis of "the costing renaissance" a century later, our understanding of cost management practices in the Industrial Revolution is augmented by the survey.]

This paper examines the empirical validity of a model of homogeneous input demand under price uncertainty in which firms trade off expected input cost against its variability (risk) in selecting the optimal input supplier mix. Using recent work in time-series econometrics, this model is applied to the Japanese steam-coal import market, where five suppliers compete: China, the Soviet Union, South Africa, the United States, and Australia.

Jimmy E. Hilliard, Susan D. Jordan, Measuring Risk in Fixed Payment Securities: An Empirical Test of the Structured Full Rank Covariance Matrix, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Sep., 1991), pp. 345-362

An endogenous growth model with multiple assets is developed. Agents who face random future liquidity needs accumulate capital and a liquid, but unproductive asset. The effects of introducing financial intermediation into this environment are considered. Conditions are provided under which the introduction of intermediaries shifts the composition of savings toward capital, causing intermediation to be growth promoting. In addition, intermediaries generally reduce socially unnecessary capital liquidation, again tending to promote growth.

The increasing dominance of Asian manufacturing firms in the global economy has raised an important issue: whether these firms’ superior manufacturing performance is caused by their management control systems, the national culture of their employees, or the interaction of these two factors. This experimental study provides a direct test of the effects of national culture and management control system on manufacturing performance. The dimension of national culture studied was individualism ( vs collectivism ) because this work-related attribute has been noted as a major difference between Asian and Western cultures. In turn, the focus on cultural individualism motivated a study of two aspects of management controls: work flow interdependence and pay interdependence. The results are consistent with cultural individualism and management controls having independent, but not interactive, effects on manufacturing performance. The potential implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The authors develop a model in which the mode of acquisition conveys information concerning the value of the bidder. The model incorporates the possibility that offers containing both cash and stock can be made in a setting consistent with the U.S. tax code. The authors demonstrate that bidders with unfavorable private information about their equity value choose offers containing some stock to avoid the capital gains tax on sequences of cash offers. The model yields a number of unique predictions about the construction of acquisition offers. The authors present evidence consistent with the model.

We develop a model in which the mode of acquisition conveys information concerning the value of the bidder. The model incorporates the possibility that offers containing both cash and stock can be made in a setting consistent with the U.S. tax code. We demonstrate that bidders with unfavorable private information about their equity value choose offers containing some stock to avoid the capital gains tax consequences of cash offers. The model yields a number of unique predictions about the construction of acquisition offers. We present evidence consistent with the model.

We reconsider the paradox that the variance of production often exceeds the variance of shipments, a result that casts doubt on the production smoothing model of inventory behavior. Most studies of production smoothing have analyzed two-digit SIC dollar-value data from Commerce Department surveys. In contrast, this paper examines disaggregated physical-product data and finds that production is smoother than shipments in about two-thirds of the 38 industry or product groupings considered. However, doubts about the model persist; most notably, Euler equation estimates of the model's cost parameters are usually imprecise and often do not have the signs postulated by production smoothing models.

We reconsider the paradox that the variance of production often exceeds the variance of shipments, a result that casts doubt on the production smoothing model of inventory behavior. Most studies of production smoothing have analyzed two-digit SIC dollar-value data from Commerce Department surveys. In contrast, this paper examines disaggregated physical-product data and finds that production is smoother than shipments in about two-thirds of the 38 industry or product groupings considered. However, doubts about the model persist; most notably, Euler equation estimates of the model's cost parameters are usually imprecise and often do not have the signs postulated by production smoothing models.