ABSTRACT Conventional economics assumes workers provide the same effort under penalty contracts and economically equivalent bonus contracts. However, prior research finds that although workers prefer bonus contracts, they provide more effort under penalty contracts. Given these findings, the prevalence of bonus contracts in practice is puzzling. If penalty contracts yield more worker effort, why would employers not use them more often? We conduct experimental labor markets to test whether the prior finding of more effort under penalty contracts than bonus contracts (i.e., the contract frame effect) persists when workers can choose their contract and know that their employer intentionally offered the contract they choose. As predicted, these features of labor markets eliminate the difference in effort between penalty and bonus contracts reported in prior studies. This finding suggests employers may use bonus contracts more often than penalty contracts because they can offer the contract most workers prefer without sacrificing worker effort.

Building on the Dechow et al. (1998) model of the accrual process, this study investigates the role of accruals in predicting future cash flows. The model shows that each accrual component reflects different information relating to future cash flows; aggregate earnings masks this information. As predicted, disaggregating accruals into major components—change in accounts receivable, change in accounts payable, change in inventory, depreciation, amortization, and other accruals—significantly enhances predictive ability. Each accrual component, including depreciation and amortization, is significant with the predicted sign in predicting future cash flows, incremental to current cash flow. The cash flow and accrual components of current earnings have substantially more predictive ability for future cash flows than several lags of aggregate earnings. The inferences are robust to alternative specifications, including controlling for operating cash cycle and industry membership.

Data processing can be defined as treating or preparing data by some particular method to obtain desired facts and to produce reports. Business data processing is much broader than computing alone and the requisite equipment for it involves the people, procedures, and communication network to cover the gamut from data origination to report utilization. Accounting instruction in data processing should deal with existing problems rather than futuristic problems and rely upon an evolutionary approach. The instructional objectives of a course in business data processing are to define and delineate the area; to show what is possible; to give an awareness of the problems involved; to describe the experience of others in systems analysis, design and installation and to develop skills in computer programming including the use of programs prepared by others, if well understood. The committee recommends that accounting departments introduce courses dealing with business data processing and new equipment developments.

The article focuses on electronic data processing in the accounting curriculum. The author mentions that growing development in the field of electronic computers and their potential use in processing business and accounting data has prompted course offering in this area. He enumerates the content that should be included in a university-level course in the area of accounting. He brings into consideration the programming of a system which includes planning, systems analysis, flow charting, coding and the other functions necessary to integrate the new system into business. He discusses the question of whether an electronic computer is necessary to teach a course or not, stating that it is necessary for elementary courses in data processing. Questions pertaining to the requisites for courses, the department which should offer system courses and the text material to be used in such courses and the availability of instructors in data processing and the training necessary for prospective instructors have been examined.

Wage hedonic models are estimated with the Health and Retirement Study to measure the risk-wage tradeoffs (value of statistical lives) for older workers. The analysis explicitly allows for multiple employment states, including retirement, using a multinomial selection model. The results suggest that the oldest and most risk-averse workers require significantly higher, not lower, compensation to accept increases in job-related fatality risks. 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Classification-JEL: I12

This paper provides empirical evidence about the effect of unearned income on earnings, consumption, and savings. Using an original survey of people playing the lottery in Massachusetts in the mid-1980's, we analyze the effects of the magnitude of lottery prizes on economic behavior. The critical assumption is that among lottery winners the magnitude of the prize is randomly assigned. We find that unearned income reduces labor earnings, with a marginal propensity to consume leisure of approximately 11 percent, with larger effects for individuals between 55 and 65 years old. After receiving about half their prize, individuals saved about 16 percent. (JEL C81, D12, E21, J22, J26)

Longevity Expectations and Death: Can People Predict Their Own Demise? by V. Kerry Smith, Donald H. Taylor and Frank A. Sloan. Published in volume 91, issue 4, pages 1126-1134 of American Economic Review, September 2001

This study investigates whether higher input use per stay in the hospital (treatment intensity) and longer length of stay improve outcomes of care. We allow for endogeneity of intensity and length of stay by estimating a quasi-maximum-likelihood discrete factor model, where the distribution of the unmeasured variable is modeled using a discrete distribution. Data on elderly persons come from several waves of the National Long-Term Care Survey merged with Medicare claims data for 1984–1995 and the National Death Index. We find that higher intensity improves patient survival and some dimensions of functional status among those who survive.

Presents a rigorous and balanced presentation of international financial markets and international corporate finance. Takes a unified approach based on arbitrage-fee pricing. Includes an in-depth discussion of the economic role of the forward rate and the value of the forward contract, a comprehensive discussion of when and why the firm can increase its value by hedging foreign exchange risk, an economic analysis of the various payment and credit insurance techniques used in international trade, and more. Over 400 end-of-chapter problems test studentsAE understanding of concepts.

ABSTRACT We examine the effect of individual wealth taxes on dividend policy. Using a comprehensive sample of European public firms from 26 countries, we document that wealth taxes paired with substantial increases in stock prices are associated with significantly larger dividend payouts. This pattern is stronger among closely held firms, family firms, and firms with shares directly owned by individuals. We also find evidence suggesting that the dividends induced by wealth taxes have meaningful economic consequences; the announcement of dividends with a higher probability of being induced by wealth taxes elicits lower stock returns, and such dividends are associated with lower levels of subsequent investment. Overall, our evidence contributes to the rekindled debate on wealth taxes by showing that this type of taxation affects corporate financial policies. JEL Classifications: G14; G20; G28; G30; K2.