Auditor training, England, Wales

Leverage, Valuation, Net income ratio, Capital gearing

The “burden of the debt” still appears to be a matter of concern to the United States public, economic teaching notwithstanding. In the debates preceding the 1964 tax cut, such matters as the existing budgetary deficit and the swelling public debt evoked as much passion as confusion. In this paper we intend to focus on one question: will a tax cut designed to generate a full employment equilibrium necessarily increase the debt burden, as defined by Domar. In particular, we are interested in the impact of a tax reduction on the debt burden, given that a budgetary deficit exists; and under the condition that the monetary authorities have decided to tighten credit conditions. We shall assume throughout that interest rates are determined by the monetary authorities, and that their policy is dictated by balance of payments rather than aggregate demand considerations. it will also be assumed that the tax reduction takes into account any planned increase in the rate of interest. Finally, we assume that budgetary deficits are financed by borrowing from the nonbank public and not by new money.

Controllers, Egypt, Governmental Influence

The time series of consumption is explained as a consequence of expenditure. The quantity theory hypothesis relates the level of consumption in money terms to the nominal quantity of money. This is, of course, a variant of the normal quantity theory where the level of money income is determined by the amount of money. By subtracting investment from the dependent variable, one makes the quantity theory formulation directly comparable to its Keynesian rival. Money exerts its influence on consumption directly or via elements of expenditure such as investment. With a different definition of autonomous expenditure, we get rather different results for United Kingdom data. Specifically, the monetary hypothesis is more successful for our early period up to the First World War, while the inter-war years are a strongly Keynesian period. After the Second World War, neither model has very high explanatory power, while for the overall period, there is a slightly better fit with expenditure. Exogeneity of Money

Journal Article The Pasinetti Paradox in Neoclassical and More General Models Get access Paul A. Samuelson, Paul A. Samuelson Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Franco Modigliani Franco Modigliani Massachusetts Institute of Technology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 33, Issue 4, October 1966, Pages 269–301, https://doi.org/10.2307/2974425 Published: 01 October 1966

I. The simplest Austrian and more general models, 568. — II. Why reswitching can occur, 571. — III. Reswitching in a durable-machine model, 573. — IV. The well-behaved factor-price frontier, 574. — V. Unconventional relation of total product and interest, 576. — VI. Unconventional capital/output ratios, 577. — VII. Reverse capital deepening and denial of diminishing returns, 579. — VIII. Conclusion, 582.

This paper considers several related problems in the theory of optimal capital structure for corporations. It is divided into four sections, which may be briefly summarized as follows.1. Modigliani and Miller (MM) proposed that under the assumption of perfect markets and in the absence of taxes on corporate income, the total market value of the firm is unaffected by leverage. They showed that the leverage irrelevance proposition holds for “non-growth” firms when all investors agree in their estimates of the expected amount and the risk of each firm's future earnings. In section I, we show that this conclusion is not affected by growth trends or heterogeneous investor expectations. However, our analysis uncovers several additional assumptions which must be made explicitly for MM's Proposition I to hold. These additional assumptions pertain to the effects of leverage on the firm's future financing needs and future investment decisions. The generalized state-preference framework used for this demonstration is retained for subsequent discussion.