Early developments: partial planning, 1. — Shift to central planning, 2. — Results, 3. — The rôle of profits, 4. — Supplementary inducements, 5. — Control of investment incomes, 7. — Results, 9. — Control of profit margins: equalization, 10; manipulation, 11; determination, 12. — Results, 14. — The abortive profit ceiling, 16. — Results, 18. — Profit incentives in price control, 19. — Subsidies, 21. — Results, 22. — General conclusions, 24.