A. B. Araoz, H. B. Malmgren; Congestion and Idle Capacity in an Economy1, The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, 1 June 1961, Pages 202–211, h

Journal Article Credit Risk and Credit Rationing: Comment Get access Sam B. Chase, Jr. Sam B. Chase, Jr. University of Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 75, Issue 2, May 1961, Pages 319–329, https://doi.org/10.2307/1884206 Published: 01 May 1961

I. The price system and the firm, 399. — II. The control of information, 402. — III. Information and expectations, 405. — IV. The division of knowledge, 411. — V. The firm's decision mechanism, 417. — VI. Conclusion, 420.

Introduction, 87. — I. Theoretical considerations, 88. — II. Statistical analysis: New York and Chicago, 90. — III. Comparison of cities by size classes, 91. — IV. Conclusion, 94.

would have received 56 per cent more under TAP. In the case of wheat this pattern is even more pronounced, and it is also present in tobacco; the case of corn has not been investigated. A much larger part of the subsidies to agriculture, therefore, would reach those for whom they are presumably intended. At the same time, by divorcing payments from current production cost TAP avoids the danger of encouraging inefficiency and of perpetuating uneconomic patterns of output. The cost of TAP can only be roughly estimated at the moment; the United States Department of Agriculture should be able to present more accurate calculations on the basis of its extensive market studies. Pending such calculations it appears that the cost of applying TAP to the three principal supported crops (wheat, corn, and cotton) at the rate mentioned earlier would not exceed $I.5 billion in the first year, and would be proportionately less in subsequent years.3 The cost of the present scheme is not known with any exactness but seems to exceed $4 billion per year. Some of the outlays under the existing program (notably those for storage and for the soil bank) would have to continue for some time after the introduction of TAP. Finally, it should be stressed that TAP is a transitional device and is consequently limited to a definite time period. By its very nature an acreage payment cannot be permanent without creating a caste of rural pensioners, and even the most sentimental devotees of the family farm would hardly advocate this. The appeal of this proposal is not to those who want to preserve the present structure of agriculture regardless of the burden on consumers and taxpayers; it is to those who recognize that in a progressive economy agriculture must change along with all other sectors, but who also recognize the wisdom of tempering the wind to the shorn lamb.

Обсуждаются следующие темы: чистая теория производства, функциональное распределение дохода, технический прогресс, источники международных конкурентных преимуществ. Анализируются эластичность замещения между трудом и капиталом в обрабатывающей промышленности; производственные функции различного типа.

A procedure is presented for the efficient computational solution of linear programs having a certain structural property characteristic of a large class of problems of practical interest. The property makes possible the decomposition of the problem into a sequence of small linear programs whose iterated solutions solve the given problem through a generalization of the simplex method for linear programming. 1. THE DECOMPOSED LINEAR PROGRAM MANY LINEAR programming problems of practical interest have the property that they may be described, in part, as composed of separate linear programming problems tied together by a number of constraints considerably smaller than the total number imposed on the problem. When the matrix of coefficients of such a problem, suitably ordered, is displayed in the usual way, a pattern emerges like that shown in Figure 1. In this figure the constraint matrix has been partitioned into nonzero blocks A1 and By, the right-hand side column of constants correspondingly into b, bl,..., bn; and the costs,

Financial statements cannot be critically examined unless companies disclose the methods used in obtaining the figures in the statements. In a recent attempt to review and analyze statements of food companies, it became apparent that the disclosure policies of the 217 companies examined were something less than desirable. In particular, most of the companies did not report depreciation methods and about one-half of them reported only a very nebulous "Lower of Cost or Market inventory valuation method. Financial statements are supposed to supply stockholders, investors, governmental agencies and other interested parties with sufficient information to provide a good foundation for making decisions about the performance of individual companies. Unless the methods and policies underlying the reported figures are disclosed so there is no question as to that meaning of the figures, the data may be of limited value. If financial statements are to be used for something more than advertising and fulfillment of legal obligation then policies that are every hit as important as the data should be adequately disclosed.

This article focuses on the research in management accounting by the National Association of Accountants ( NAA). NAA is best described as an educational organization in the field of management accounting. In keeping with its educational character, it recognizes a responsibility for expanding knowledge and understanding of accounting through research. It views management accounting as including all aspects of the development, presentation and interpretation of financial data for the information and guidance of management at all levels. The current research program of NAA has evolved from both experience and experiment. In its early years, emphasis in NAA research was placed upon adding to the factual information available about accounting practice of the day. Such studies took the form of surveys covering methods of accounting for manufacturing overhead, finished goods inventories, depreciation, and similar topics. That information about practice continues to be of interest is evidenced by the fact that the reports presenting findings from studies made ten to twenty years ago are still being quoted by writers on accounting.