In many countries, settlements take place a fixed number of business days after the transaction (United States, Japan). In other countries, settlements take place periodically on a fixed date when all transactions performed before this date are settled (United Kingdom, France, Italy). In both cases, settlement procedures should cause returns not to be identically distributed over all days. The effect is likely to be the largest on markets where all trades are settled only once a month. An empirical investigation of the largest of those markets, the Paris Bourse, demonstrates the importance of the settlement procedure on the distribution of daily returns.

Departures from purchasing power parity imply that different countries have different prices for goods when a common numeraire is used. Stochastic changes in exchange rates are associated with changes in these prices and constitute additional sources of risk in asset pricing models. This article investigates whether exchange rate risks are priced in international asset markets using a conditional approach that allows for time variation in the rewards for exchange rate risk. The results for equities and currencies of the world's four largest equity markets support the existence of foreign exchange risk premia.

We propose a novel regime-switching model to study correlation asymmetries in international equity markets. We decompose returns into frequent-but-small diffusion and infrequent-but-large jumps and derive an estimation method for many countries. We find that correlations due to jumps, not diffusion, markedly increase in bad markets, leading to correlation breaks during crises. Our model provides a better description of correlation asymmetries than do GARCH, copula, and stochastic volatility models. Good and bad regimes are persistent. Regime changes are detected rapidly, and risk diversification allocations are improved. Asset allocation results in- and out-of-sample are superior to other models, including the 1/N strategy. Received September 26, 2015; accepted May 25, 2016 by Editor Wayne Ferson.

Capital market equilibrium has been extensively studied in the recent past, mostly in a mean-variance framework. In a perfect capital market with riskless assets and homogenous expectations among risk-averse investors, Sharpe and Lintner have shown that the efficient set of all investors could be described by only two portfolios (or mutual funds):(1) the market portfolio(2) the riskless asset.

The Markowitz-Sharpe market model has been extensively applied to the study of price behavior of American common stocks. In this paper an international market model will be used assuming that the return on any security is a linear function of the return on the world market portfolio. A justification for this approach lies in the International Asset Pricing Model (IAPM) proposed by Solnik [14] and [15]. This market model is by no means the only stochastic process of security returns consistent with the IAPM, but it is the most simple and straightforward extension of the traditional approach to domestic markets.

ABSTRACT In many countries settlements take place a fixed number of business days after the transaction (U.S., Japan). In other countries settlements take place periodically on a fixed date when all transactions performed before this date are settled (U.K., France, Italy). In both cases settlement procedures should cause returns not to be identically distributed over all days. The effect is likely to be the largest on markets where all trades are settled only once a month. An empirical investigation of the largest of those markets, the Paris Bourse, demonstrates the importance of the settlement procedure on the distribution of daily returns.