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An examination of the effect that commitment to a hypothesis has on auditors' evaluations of confirming and disconfirming evidence*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1991 7(2), 513-534
Research findings by Ashton and Ashton (1988, 1990) and Tubbs et al. (1990) suggest that auditors will readily revise their beliefs in response to new evidence and that they are particularly sensitive to disconfirming evidence. In sharp contrast, research findings in behavioral decision making suggest just the opposite. The prior studies in auditing, however, have not investigated situations in which auditors are likely to become committed to their hypotheses. Auditors who are strongly committed to their hypotheses may be motivated to evaluate mixed (confirming and disconfirming) evidence as being consistent with their hypotheses. The results of a laboratory experiment indicate that level of commitment affected auditors' overall evaluations of mixed evidence. Auditors who were strongly committed to their hypotheses attached more importance to confirming evidence than did auditors who were not strongly committed. Neither group, however, attached significantly different degrees of importance to disconfirming evidence. Résumé. Selon les résultats des travaux d'Ashton et Ashton (1988, 1990) et de Tubbs et al. (1990), les vérificacteurs révisent facilement leur position en réponse aux faits nouveaux et sont particulièrement sensibles aux faits qui viennent infirmer leurs convictions. Ces résultats contrastent beaucoup avec ceux des recherches en comportement décisionnel qui sont parfaitement contraires. Les études précédentes en vérification n'ont cependant pas porté sur les cas dans lesquels les vérificateurs sont susceptibles d'étre liés par leurs hypothèses. Les vérificateurs qui sont fortement liés par leurs hypothèses risquent d'avoir tendance à interpréter les fait mixtes (c'est‐à‐dire les faits qui confirment et infirment leurs convictions) comme étant conformes à leurs hypothèses. Les résultats d'une expérience en laboratoire ont révélé que l'intensité du lien avait une incidence sur l'interprétation globale de faits mixtes par les vérificateurs. Ceux qui étaient fortement liés par leurs hypothèses attachaient davantage d'importance aux faits qui confirmaient leurs hypothèses que ceux qui n'étaient pas fortement liés. Aucun des deux groupes n'attachait une importance très différente aux faits qui infirmaient ses hypothèses.

Going Concern Opinions and the Market's Reaction to Bankruptcy Filings

The Accounting Review 1996 71(1), 117-128
[This study investigates the association between going concern opinions and the market's reaction to bankruptcy filings. The results of prior studies indicate that going concern opinions are useful in predicting bankruptcy and provide some explanatory power in predicting bankruptcy resolution. As such, going concern opinions may reduce the surprise associated with bankruptcy. Our results are consistent with this assertion. Firms receiving going concern opinions experience less negative excess returns in the period surrounding bankruptcy filings than those receiving unqualified opinions. These results hold after controlling for the probability of bankruptcy, the market's reaction to news announcements occurring prior to bankruptcy, and changes in stock price prior to the issuance of the auditor's report. Overall, our results are consistent with going concern opinions having information value.]

Auditors' Generation of Diagnostic Hypotheses in Response to a Superior's Suggestion: Interference Effects*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1993 10(1), 333-350
This study investigates the effects of a superior's suggestion on auditors' generation of additional hypotheses from long‐term memory (LTM). It investigates whether an inherited hypothesis affects the category membership of additional hypotheses retrieved from LTM, in particular when hypotheses from few alternative categories are considered. Based on research in cognitive psychology, the authors predicted that providing auditors with a superior's suggestion would interfere with their generation of additional hypotheses from the same transaction cycle as that of the superior's suggestion. The experimental results are consistent with the expected interference effect. Auditors who inherited a superior's suggestion from a particular transaction cycle generated fewer additional hypotheses from the same transaction cycle than did auditors who were not provided with a superior's suggestion. Moreover, the effect came into play immediately when auditors inherited a hypothesis involving a typical problem: the first hypothesis generated tended to come from a different transaction cycle than that of the superior's suggestion. Résumé. Dans l'article qui suit, les auteurs se penchent sur l'incidence que peut avoir la suggestion d'un supérieur sur les hypothèses supplémentaires que formulent les vérificateurs en puisant dans la « mémoire à long terme ≫. Ils cherchent à déterminer si une hypothèse transmise exerce une influence sur la catégorie à laquelle appartiennent les hypothèses supplémentaires tirés de la mémoire à long terme, en particulier lorsque les hypothèses envisagées proviennent d'un petit nombre de catégories possibles. En s'appuyant sur la recherche en psychologie cognitive, les auteurs supposent que la suggestion communiquée par un supérieur aux vérificateurs perturbera chez ces derniers la formulation d'hypothèses supplémentaires tirées du même cycle d'opérations que celui dont provient la suggestion du supérieur. Les résultats expérimentaux des chercheurs confirment cet effet perturbateur. Les vérificateurs à qui un supérieur a transmis une suggestion d'hypothèse provenant d'un cycle d'opérations donné ont formulé moins d'hypothèses supplémentaires provenant du même cycle d'opérations que les vérificateurs à qui aucune suggestion n'a été faite par un supérieur. En outre, l'effet perturbateur se manifeste immédiatement au moment où les vérificateurs se voient transmettre une hypothèse faisant intervenir un problème type: la première hypothèse formulée tend à provenir d'un cycle d'opérations différent de celui dont la suggestion du supérieur est issue.

What Affects Individuals' Decisions to Acquire Forecasted Information?*

Contemporary Accounting Research 1996 13(2), 379-399
Individuals may acquire forecasted information because forecasters (e.g., analysts) possess superior information, superior forecasting abilities, or both. We conduct a series of experimental sessions to investigate individuals' information acquisition decisions. In our experimental setting, individuals are able to acquire unprocessed information (which is analogous to that used by analysts), processed information (which is analogous to that produced by analysts), or both. We examine the effects of forecast bias and economic stability on the type of information acquired. Our results suggest that individuals are less inclined to acquire unprocessed information as economic stability decreases. Under conditions of economic instability, they are more inclined to acquire processed information, and processed and unprocessed information combined. Forecast bias, on the other hand, does not affect individuals' information acquisition decisions. Individuals appear to recognize the optimism contained in biased forecasts and attempt to adjust for such biases. Our results also suggest that individuals can more effectively use processed information than unprocessed information, regardless of the degree of forecast bias. Our overall findings suggest that individuals acquire forecasts because forecasters are perceived to have superior (processing) abilities. Lastly, our results suggest that in using information individuals are prone to make pessimistic predictions. Résumé. Les particuliers ont accès à de l'information prévisionnelle grâce aux prévisionnistes (les analystes, par exemple) qui possédent de l'information de qualité supérieure, des capacités prévisionnelles plus grandes ou les deux. Les auteurs ont procédé à une série de séances expérimentales visant à étudier les décisions d'acquisition d'information des particuliers. Selon le plan d'expérience de l'étude, les particuliers ont la possibilité d'acquérir de l'information non traitée (analogue à celle qu'utilisent les analystes), de l'information traitée (analogue à celle que produisent les analystes) ou les deux. Les auteurs étudient les conséquences des distorsions prévisionnelles et de la stabilité économique sur la nature de l'information acquise. Les résultats obtenus donnent à penser que les particuliers sont moins enclins à acquérir de l'information non traitée lorsque la stabilité économique s'effrite. En situation d'instabilité économique, ils sont davantage enclins à acquérir de l'information traitée et une combinaison d'information traitée et non traitée. La distorsion prévisionnelle, d'autre part, n'a pas d'incidence sur les décisions d'acquisition d'information des particuliers. Ces derniers semblent déceler l'optimisme que contiennent les prévisions affectées par la distorsion et tentent d'ajuster leur interprétation pour tenir compte de cette distorsion. Les constatations des auteurs laissent également supposer que les particuliers peuvent utiliser à meilleur escient l'information traitée que l'information non traitée, peu importe le degré de distorsion prévisionnelle. Dans l'ensemble, leurs conclusions suggèrent que les particuliers font l'acquisition d'information prévisionnelle parce qu'ils considèrent que les prévisionnistes possèdent des compétences (celles de traiter l'information) supérieures aux leurs. En dernier lieu, les résultats obtenus par les auteurs révèlent que les particuliers, lorsqu'ils utilisent l'information qu'ils ont acquise, ont tendance à formuler des prévisions pessimistes.

The effects of measurement basis and slack benefits on honesty in budget reporting

Accounting, Organizations and Society 2019 72, 74-84
In this study, we experimentally investigate how managers' budget reporting behavior is influenced by two important features of the budgeting system: the measurement basis used in budget preparation (i.e., whether managers make budget reports in financial or nonfinancial measures) and managers' slack benefits in budget execution (i.e., whether managers benefit from budgetary slack directly or through an intermediate activity). While prior research suggests that moral self-regulation helps promote honest behavior, we predict that a financial measurement basis undermines moral self-regulation by strengthening the manager's desire to advance self-interest and that the absence of direct slack benefits undermines moral self-regulation by making misreporting more justifiable. We also predict that the effects of these two budgetary features on honesty are non-additive, due to the manager's diminishing marginal net utility from misreporting. Experimental results are consistent with our predictions. The implications of our findings for management accounting theory and practice are discussed.

An Experimental Examination of Portfolio Choice

Review of Finance 2016 20(4), 1427-1447 open access
Investors do not hold optimal portfolios. We use an experimental method to isolate factors that compel individuals to hold optimal portfolios. Our design includes two risky assets with perfectly negatively correlated payoffs so that all risk can be eliminated. We find that participants’ holdings approach optimal portfolios only under very specific conditions: the variance cost of holding an imbalanced portfolio is substantial and feedback on period-by-period outcomes is suppressed (eliminating the impact of cognitive biases resulting from misperceptions of randomness).

Going Concern Opinions and the Market's Reaction to Bankruptcy Filings.

The Accounting Review 1996 71(1), 117-128
This study investigates the association between going concern opinions and the market's reaction to bankruptcy filings. The results of prior studies indicate that going concern opinions are useful in predicting bankruptcy and provide some explanatory power in predicting bankruptcy resolution. As such, going concern opinions may reduce the surprise associated with bankruptcy. Our results are consistent with this assertion. Firms receiving going concern opinions experience less negative excess returns in the period surrounding bankruptcy filings than those receiving unqualified opinions. These results hold after controlling for the probability of bankruptcy, the market's reaction to news announcements occurring prior to bankruptcy, and changes in stock price prior to the issuance of the auditor's report. Overall, our results are consistent with going concern opinions having information value.