The classical economists regarded minimum profits as an element in cost of production, 115. — Walker's rent theory, 118. — Similar views by other Americans, 119. — By Europeans, 121. — Profits regarded as wages of labor by still others, 123. — Distinction needed between earned efficiency profits and unearned scarcity profits, 127. — Efficiency profits recognized by the law, 128. — Patents, trade secrets, invention, 129. — Judgment and risk-taking, 133. — Surplus or scarcity profits differ from efficiency profits, 134. — Are not an element of cost, 135. — Defects of the labor theory, 136.

Burdens of war are objective and subjective, 242. — Costs resulting from destruction, and cost of maintaining the fighting forces, 243. — Choice between rival ways of financing a war, 245. — Different effects of the levy plan and the loan plan, 247. — The assumed burden of a loan to the lender, 249. — Subjective burdens of levy and loan methods, 252. — Conclusion, 254.