George Kaufman and Cynthia Latta in “The Demand for Money: Preliminary Evidence from Industrial Countries, ” have presented econometric evidence that the money-demand function may shift with the development of financial markets. The thesis depends on the heightened cross-elasticities and lowered wealth-elasticities (or income-elasticities) that are supposed to attend the development of new near-money forms. Their evidence is based on a summary of statistics from money-demand equations for developed and less-developed countries.

[A general definition of majority decision in terms of a hierarchy of voting councils has been given by Murakami [3, 4]. The present article establishes a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for Murakami's majority decision or representative system in terms of properties of a group decision function for two alternatives. One corollary of the general theorem is Murakami's conjecture, which says that if a group decision function is dual, strongly monotonic, and nondictatorial, then it is a representative system.]

A relation < L on a set of real vectors a, b, … is a lexicographic order when a < L b if and only if a ≠ b and for every j such that b j < a j there is an i < j such that a i < b i . A simple and direct derivation is given for a multidimensional utility function whose lexicographically-ordered expected utility vectors preserve an individual's preference order on a set of probability measures. All but one of Hausner's axioms yield an equivalence on the set of preference intervals, and the resulting bet of equivalence classes is shown to account for the hierarchy in the lexicographic structure. A lexicographic utility representation is noted for the finite-dimensional case. When Hausner's other axiom is added, his theorem for lexicographic linear utility is obtained. This theorem is applied to sets of simple and discrete probability measures.

This paper is a discussion of the external or side effects of business and rational responses to these external effects for profit-maximizing firms.1 Some people would argue that the rational response for the profit-maximizing firm is to do nothing about its external effects until required by law; whereas others, as we in this paper, argue that the rational response for the profit-maximizing firm is to take some action. The first section of the paper deals with the meaning of externalities, of which pollution is a fundamental type, and the phases of a solution to such problems. In the second section, the paper deals with rational responses for the profit-maximizing firm regarding its externalities, in which many aspects of the popular arguments against the rationality and the practicability of independent corrective action by a firm are examined.

Historical cost, Valuation

This article uses linear programming techniques to "estimate" a frontier Cobb-Douglas production function for U.S. agriculture from 1960 to 1967, using the "average farm" in each state in each year as an observation. Both deterministic and probabilistic frontiers are generated and the results compared with ordinary least-squares and analysis of covariance estimates of the production function. Technical inefficiency is defined relative to the probabilistic frontier function and the extent of any inefficiency calculated for each state. Little technical inefficiency exists across states when the production function includes intermediate inputs as well as land, labor, and capital.

William C. Freund, Session Topic: Lessons of the Penn Central Debacle: Discussion, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 26, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Finance Association Detroit, Michigan December 28-30, 1970 (May, 1971), pp. 359-362