The citations of doctorates in economics (who received the degree between 1950 and 1955) from six major universities are analyzed for articles published in the period 1950-68 in the two fields of value theory (microeconomics) and monetary and fiscal theory (macroeconomics). The citations are examined for commonality in the use of authorities and for parochialism with regard to the faculty of their Ph.D.-granting institution. The citation practices of the "authorities" cited by the doctorates are also examined, compared with those of the doctorates, and used to define scientific associates and adversaries.

We examine the principal journals of economics, with particular attention to the communication between journals, as reflected by the network of interjournal citations during 1987-90, and the changes over the past century in the characteristics of the authors and the techniques they have used. The numerical results, and those of the statistical modeling of these results, reinforce the importance of economic theory as an exporter of intellectual influence to applied economics. The study includes an examination of the degree of specialization among different subfields of economics. A statistical model is presented for measuring the flow of intellectual influence (as measured by citations) in terms of simple univariate scores.

We examine the principal journals of economics, with particular attention to the communication between journals, as reflected by the network of interjournal citations during 1987-90, and the changes over the past century in the characteristics of the authors and the techniques they have used. The numerical results, and those of the statistical modeling of these results, reinforce the importance of economic theory as an exporter of intellectual influence to applied economics. The study includes an examination of the degree of specialization among different subfields of economics. A statistical model is presented for measuring the flow of intellectual influence (as measured by citations) in terms of simple univariate scores.