Journal Article A Note on the Adding-up Criterion Get access G. D. N. Worswick, G. D. N. Worswick Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. G. Champernowne D. G. Champernowne Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 22, Issue 1, 1954, Pages 57–59, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296224 Published: 01 January 1954

Journal Article A Note on Dynamic Economics Get access H. D. Dickinson H. D. Dickinson Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 22, Issue 3, 1954, Pages 169–179, https://doi.org/10.2307/2295874 Published: 01 January 1954

Introduction, 115. — I. Economic benefits and costs, 116; short-time results, 116; longer-time results, 123. — II. Feasibility of financing and operating the programs, 127. — III. Summary and conclusions, 128.

I. Introduction, 613. — II. Federal Reserve's control of member bank reserve positions, 613. — III. Treasury-Federal Reserve discord and “accord,” 615. — IV. Recent monetary and debt management proposals, 619. — V. Further suggestions regarding economic stabilization and suitable debt management procedures, 621.

Journal Article Investment, Uncertainty and Expectations Get access R. A. D. Egerton R. A. D. Egerton Belfast Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 22, Issue 2, 1954, Pages 143–150, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296288 Published: 01 January 1954

Articles on economic theory are usually intended to explain to the reader what results may be expected to follow various policies or disturbances in given circumstances. The task of explanation is made difficult by the varying capacities and demands of the readers. If the theory is to be realistic, the given circumstances must reflect a great many of the complications of a real-world situation: an exhaustive account of these, whilst necessary for logical completeness, would be intolerably lengthy and boring for the reader who is well informed about the situation to which the theory is intended to apply. He can supply for himself, as obvious, many of the underlying assumptions about institutions and psychology which justify the reasoning in good non-mathematical articles on economic theory. But some readers will lack the experience or the docility to do this, and will either attempt to apply the theory to inappropriate circumstances, or will attack the writer for not giving an exhaustive account of his assumptions. Since proof is not always the most effective method of explanation, many writers are content to sketch their ideas in a manner which will enlighten sympathetic readers without attempting to convey complete conviction to anybody. The cautious economic theorist, whose overriding ambition is never to appear wrong and yet to appear in print at all, has little scope beyond the discussion of economic models. These are shadows of the real situations so drastically simplified that they can be completely described and many of their workings exactly portrayed within the compass of a single article. The logic leading from the assumptions about the model to the conclusions about how it will behave can now be made rigorous and independent of the reader's knowledge of the real world. Such models serve the useful purpose of making it possible to reach complete agreement within reasonable time: occasionally a study of them will reveal that earlier disagreements have been entirely due to a difference of intuitive assumptions about the real world. Unfortunately for the cautious theorist, his economic models will be judged according to the degree in which they appear to be relevant to the real world; so that in avoiding the appearance of being wrong, he may yet appear silly by publishing a long article whose relevance to any practical issue seems to be superficial. This danger of manufacturing mere toys is especially great since the assumptions which are most convenient for modelbuilding are seldom those which are most appropriate to the real world. Many would regard as the best and most important articles on economic theory those which reveal keen observation and judgment in choosing assumptions which accord well with facts and which are yet able to demonstrate fairly convincingly powerful conclusions of a simple nature, which suggest important analogues in the real world. They would regard the rigor of the logic and the exactness of the descriptions of the assumptions as secondary matters relating to their style rather than to their importance. The ability to judge the relevance of an economic theory and its conclusions to the real world is but rarely associated with the ability to understand advanced mathematics. An important article on economic theory is therefore likely to be wasted unless it can be set out in prose supported by the most elementary mathematics. It is obvious that there is no room in economics for long trains of deductive reasoning, 4 so that those economic models which are realistic and yet sufficiently simple to allow

The article focuses on opportunities for a career in governmental accounting. Certain general principles or rules have developed which should be of interest and value to those who are concerned with the selection of a career. These rules are as follow. Selecting a career in which the financial remuneration is adequate, selecting a career in which the type of activity is marked by a high individual responsibility, and one which deals with problems on a distinctly intellectual plane and others. The opportunities for a career in governmental accounting are indeed great for those young men and women who have the necessary aptitudes and personal characteristics, and who have had the basic training in accounting and related subjects. The demand for competent personnel in governmental accounting is urgent, and the opportunities to render needed services to the community have never been greater. Governmental accounting is broad in scope, offering the greatest possible variety of work to the accountant. Contrary to popular opinion, governmental accounting is not a limited and narrow field of activity.

The article focuses on the various role of public accountant in helping with the various jobs of the management. Management has three main jobs. These are to operate its enterprise at a profit, to make its enterprise a good place in which to work and to operate its enterprise and govern its own conduct so as to serve society most effectively. If the public accountant is to be of most possible aid to management he must help, if he can, with all three jobs. For management, and for the accountant too, this raises questions of training, of competence, and of desire to do all three jobs equally well. In considering the public accountant's general role in helping with these three jobs, there are two premises which underlies the discussion. The first is that any socially undesirable feature in the free enterprise system preferably ought to be alleviated through self-improvement, and the public accountant has a social role in expediting such self-improvement, particularly in order to forestall further governmental restrictions. The second premise is that the concept of independence is the most important consideration in this social role of the public accountant.