Journal Article Public Utilities and the Income Tax Get access E. M. Bernstein E. M. Bernstein North Carolina State College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 45, Issue 3, May 1931, Pages 529–535, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883904 Published: 01 May 1931

I. Introduction, 640.—II. Saint-Simon in his relation to the policy of laissez-faire, 642.—Neither Saint-Simon nor the Saint-Simonians were socialists, 648.—III. The philosophy of history, 650.—The principle of productivity and its importance, 651.—IV. The rule of law and the harmony of interests in a society of producers, 657.—V. The Saint-Simonian criticism of competition, 665.—The division between the idle and the producing class, 668.—The rationalisation of economic enterprise, 674.—VI. The position and importance of the banks, 675.—The theory and rational use of credit, 677.—VII. Conclusion, 680.

I. Price stabilization broke down and prices of copper broke wide open, falling to 912 cents a pound, the lowest figure reached since I894. 2. The impact of a severe business depression combined with other factors brought about an apparent decline in world consumption of virgin copper of 425,000 tons, a volume only one-eighth less than the average yearly copper output during I9T9-28 of the whole world outside of the United States. 3. Stocks of refined copper in the hands of Western Hemisphere refiners as a result increased by I96,000 tons, almost to a high record level, in spite of curtailment in world copper output of some 334,000 tons. 4. Most of this curtailment occurred within the United States, and the five largest producing organizations of the United States together reduced output by an amount greater than the total world curtailment. 5. The United States imported copper on balance it is said, for the first time in fifty years.

Reviews the book "The Theory and History of Banking," by Charles F. Dunbar.

Reviews the book "Federal Income Taxation," by Joseph J. Klein.

Reviews the book "Modern Bookkeeping Practice," by Nathaniel Altholz and Anthony W. Klein.

Reviews the book "A Solution to the Appreciation Problem," by William B. Castenhols.

Reviews the book "Credits and Collections in Theory and Practice," by Theodore Beckman.

Reviews the book "New York Laws Affecting Business Corporations," 11th ed.

Abstract The article presents the history of the joint stock company. Though it is not possible to discover instances of the joint stock company in England before the middle of the Sixteenth century, it must at the same time be recognized that before that date there were tendencies that would make its ultimate establishment inevitable. The trade of the Italian city states was already including western Europe in its scope and Italian finance consequently exerted an important influence in England. Naturally methods and organizations employed were copied to some extent abroad. There were two main lines of development which might result in the formation of a joint stock body. These were the medieval partnership and the growth of the idea of a corporation. The canonist doctrine on the use of capital discouraged loans while it encouraged the formation of partnerships. There were the "Commenda" and "Societas," both of which were in frequent use on the continent and were forms of the medieval partnership. In the commenda the commendator provided the capital and the commendatarius managed the investment, in the societas both contributed capital. In 1284, 1206 and 1312 certain Italian societas were granted rights to trade in England.