This paper discusses the role of machinery and equipment imports from the U.S. in achieving the goals of the Soviet Ninth and Tenth Five-Year Plans. The analysis utilizes both import data and signed agreements for future purchases to determine the extent to which the Soviets are seeking to increase efficiency of production by importing foreign technology and to identify those industries and their technologies which seem to be most critical for plan fulfillment. Finally, the paper discusses what insights this analysis provides for U.S. policy-makers and American businessmen.