We study the health impacts of job loss and unemployment insurance (UI) among Brazilian workers, using unique administrative data linking employment, hospitalizations, health insurance, and mortality records over 17 years. Leveraging mass layoffs for identification, we find that job loss raises hospitalization (+33%) and mortality (+23%) risks for men, with no significant effects for women. Impacts are pervasive across age, income, and education levels, with children of male workers also affected. External causes related to risky behavior and violence victimization explain half the effects. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that UI partially mitigates health risks, suggesting that these are partially explained by income losses.