Research on the standard of living now emphasizes alternatives or supplements to the national income accounts. This paper reviews the results of two decades of research using stature as a measure of health aspects of human welfare. After comparing and contrasting stature with per capita income, I consider height patterns discovered by economic historians that challenge traditional beliefs about the past, including long-term trends, cycles in heights, and the dreadfully small stature of slave children that was followed by catch-up growth. The paper concludes with comparisons to work in development economics and suggestions for research.

J. S. Duesenberry's (1949) ratcheting consumption demand is derived as a feature of the optimal dynamic consumption and investment policy given extreme habit formation that prevents consumption from falling over time. Preferences are in effect non-time-separable, extended-real-valued von Neumann-Morgenstern preferences. Consumption increases each time wealth reaches a new maximum. Risky investment is proportional to the excess of wealth over the perpetuity value of current consumption. Extensions constrain the net rate of decrease in consumption with a constant other than zero, add more consumption goods, and constrain on the maximal holding of the risky asset as a proportion of wealth.

This study tests the theory that students' performance on different types of examination questions is related to their level of formal reasoning ability, where formal reasoning refers to their ability to solve different types of problems. The theory of formal reasoning is based on Piaget's theory that the ability to solve problems is related to the maturation process. Piaget argued that young children can solve only the most straightforward types of problems and are not capable of solving complex problems simply because their minds have not developed sufficiently. With maturation, more complex types of problems can be solved. To measure the formal reasoning level of intermediate accounting students, we used an instrument developed by Piaget. Then, we related this level to the marks they received on examinations in several accounting courses. On examination questions that involve only straightforward types of problems, students performed equally well, regardless of their formal reasoning level, but students with higher levels of formal reasoning ability performed significantly better on questions that involve more difficult types of problems. The paper concludes by suggesting that accounting examinations should include more questions that require the use of higher reasoning skills if the accounting profession is to attract more students who have higher levels of reasoning ability. Résumé. Les auteurs testent la théorie voulant que la performance des étudiants qui répondent à différentes formes de questions d'examen soit reliée à leur capacité de raisonnement structuré, l'expression ≪ raisonnement structuré ≫ désignant leur capacité de résoudre différentes catégories de problèmes. La théorie du raisonnement structuré se fonde sur la théorie de Piaget selon laquelle la capacité de résoudre des problèmes est reliée au processus de développement. Selon Piaget, les jeunes enfants ne peuvent résoudre que les problèmes les plus simples et sont incapables de résoudre des problèmes complexes, du simple fait que leur intelligence n'est pas suffisamment développée. Avec le développement de l'intelligence, il devient donc possible de résoudre des problèmes de nature plus complexe. Les auteurs utilisent un instrument mis au point par Piaget pour mesurer la capacité de raisonnement structuré des étudiants des cours de comptabilité intermédiaire et relient cette capacité aux notes qu'obtiennent les étudiants aux examens, dans plusieurs cours de comptabilité. Les résultats révèlent que les questions d'examen qui ne font intervenir que des problèmes simples sont résolues aussi bien par tous les étudiants, peu importe leur capacité de raisonnement structuré, mais que la performance des étudiants ayant une capacité de raisonnement structuré supérieure est significativement meilleure lorsque les questions font intervenir des problèmes plus difficiles. Les auteurs concluent par une suggestion: les examens de comptabilité devraient comporter davantage de questions exigeant des facultés de raisonnement supérieures si l'on souhaite que la profession comptable attire une plus grande population d'étudiants possédant une capacité de raisonnement supérieure.

[This paper describes the U.S. offshore oil and gas lease sales conducted by the Department of the Interior since 1954. Several decisions are discussed, including bidding for leases, the government's decision whether to accept the highest bid, the incidence and timing of exploratory drilling, and the formation of bidding consortia. Equilibrium models of these decisions that emphasize informational and strategic issues and that account for institutional features of the leasing program are analyzed, and their predictions compared to outcomes in the data.]

Proponents of state antitakeover legislation argue that previous empirical tests by financial economists of the wealth effects of Pennsylvania's 1990 antitakeover law are biased. We show that the proponents are correct. In particular, firm size, event-time clustering, and non-synchronous trading effects account for the wealth decreases reported in earlier studies. We also show, however, that both proponents and critics of the Pennsylvania legislation have ignored the earliest press release about it. The wealth effect associated with this announcement is negative, large, and statistically significant. These results therefore are consistent with the hypothesis that the Pennsylvania law decreased company values and with the hypothesis that the initial market reaction is an unbiased estimate of the law's effect on firm values.