[This paper studies estimators that make sample analogues of population orthogonality conditions close to zero. Strong consistency and asymptotic normality of such estimators is established under the assumption that the observable variables are stationary and ergodic. Since many linear and nonlinear econometric estimators reside within the class of estimators studied in this paper, a convenient summary of the large sample properties of these estimators, including some whose large sample properties have not heretofore been discussed, is provided.]

[This paper describes a method for estimating and testing nonlinear rational expectations models directly from stochastic Euler equations. The estimation procedure makes sample counterparts to the population orthogonality conditions implied by the economic model close to zero. An attractive feature of this method is that the parameters of the dynamic objective functions of economic agents can be estimated without explicitly solving for the stochastic equilibrium.]

ABSTRACT When raising new equity capital managers have historically rejected the direct offer method favoring instead the seemingly more expensive underwritten public issue. This paper provides a resolution for this equity financing paradox by demonstrating empirically that firms which engage in direct offers enjoy a comparative cost advantage that is more than sufficient to account for the absolute reported cost differences between the two methods of equity financing.