Introduction, 2. — Previous discussions, 2. — Fertility rates, 7. — Lack of adequate data makes it impossible to reach precise conclusions of New England dying out, 9. — But such data as are available support the contention that the natives of New England are not maintaining their numbers, 14. — Conclusions, 18.
I. Joint Costs a phenomenon of production; costs as flows; joint means joined, 416. — II. Joint costs with invariable proportions, 419. — Bases of cost apportionment, 420. — Relative demand schedules, 421. — Method of addition and subtraction, 424. — Arbitrary methods of allocation, 425. — Repercussions on the structure of industry, 427. — Cartellization, 429.—Vertical and lateral integration, 431. — III. Joint costs with variable proportions, 433. — Manipulating the variables of chemical equilibria, 436. — By varying concentration, 437. — Temperature, 436. — Pressure, 440. — And state of aggregation of the components, 441. — Mathematical predictability of variation, 444. — Research laboratory as systematizer of march of invention and nerve centre of control of production and marketing, 445. — IV. Nature and scope of joint costs, 448. — Element of technological compulsion vs. element of profit-maximizing variability, 449. — The problem of valuation, 450. — All the factors may vary discontinuously, 452. — Joint costs and overhead costs, 455; and decreasing costs, 459. — Conclusion, 460.
Introduction, 22. — Failure of early attempts to organize for propaganda purposes, 23. — Birth of the American Protective Tariff League, 24. — Description of its activities, 25. — Dispute with Henry O. Havemeyer in 1899, 31. — Relation of the Iron and Steel industry to the League, 33. — Falling away of the League's support and subsequent decline of its activities, 34.
On September 10, 1929, the special committee of the American Institute of Accountants on definition of earned surplus submitted its report to the Council of the Institute. This report was subsequently sent to all members and associates of the Institute and given somewhat general publicity. Earned surplus is the balance of net profits, income and gains of a corporation from the date of incorporation after deducting losses and after deducting distributions to stockholders and transfers to capital stock accounts when made out of such surplus. Surplus in its broadest sense is the amount of the stockholders' equity in a corporation in excess of that represented by capital-stock accounts. Capital surplus comprises paid-in surplus, donated surplus and revaluation surplus-that is, surplus other than earned surplus. Profits arising from the sale or other disposition of fixed assets or from the resale of the corporation's own capital stock are properly included in earned surplus. Earned surplus is not properly consolidated with capital-stock accounts on the balance-sheet without specific corporate action authorizing such procedure.