Cost information, Cost report, Timing, Expected value of information

Cost information, Cost report, Timing, Expected value of information

Recently, agency theory has become popular as a means of explaining the structure of contracts between various classes of economic agents. Oftentimes the contracts of interest represent sharing rules for the payoffs that result from some production activity. In the usual two-party model of the contracting problem, one party designated the principal delegates authority for decisions affecting production to another party designated the agent. Typically, the assumptions made about the consequences of the agent's actions are that they are associated with effort on the part of the agent for which the agent (but not the principal) has disutility, and that greater effort will result in higher payoffs from production in every state of nature. Moral hazard is then introduced by assuming that the principal is unable to observe the agent's effort, or to infer what effort the agent applied through an ex post observation of the payoff that results.

This article provides a rigorous development of a contract (or commitment) basis of accounting as an alternative to the exchange basis in present use. Specifically, the analysis deals with the valuation of executory contracts including purchase commitments, forward contracts in foreign exchange, employee stock options, and leases. Notwithstanding the severity of assumptions, the analysis provides a coherent, logical, and widely applicable model of valuation in accounting.

Internal audits derive their utility from the information which they provide about the effectiveness of the firm's system of internal control and from the effects they may have on the behavior of that system, both before and after the audit has been performed. This study concentrates on the informational aspects of internal audits, with particular attention being given to audit timing. A sequential decision process is defined wherein the objective is to minimize expected total discounted costs. The decision process can be characterized as an infinite-state, time-varying Markov decision process, and, accordingly, the decision model can be called a Markov decision model. Solutions to this model are obtainable by dynamic programming.

The analysis in this paper considers the effects of relaxing regulations that ensure that the proportions of ownership retained by entrepreneurs in new issues are observable to investors. Entrepreneurs, endowed with full ownership of their firms and private information concerning future prospects, seek to share risks with investors able to diversify those risks away. There is a trade‐off for entrepreneurs receiving good news between shedding risk and having their shares undervalued by uninformed investors. In equilibrium, an entrepreneur with good news either retains full ownership or sells a portion of his shares at the same price offered by an entrepreneur with bad news. The price in the latter case reflects rational expectations by investors as to the proportion of ownership retained by the entrepreneur conditional on his news. Only in certain cases are Pareto orderings possible across regimes in which ownership retention is either observable or unobservable. Implications for securities regulation are discussed. Résumé. Les auteurs s'intéressent dans leur analyse aux conséquences de l'assouplissement de la réglementation voulant que la proportion de titres retenue par les entrepreneurs dans les nouvelles émissions soit observable pour les investisseurs. Les entrepreneurs qui ont la propriété exclusive de leur entreprise et qui disposent d'une information privilégiée au sujet des ses perspectives d'avenir cherchent à partager leurs risques avec des investisseurs capables de diversifier ces risques de manière à les minimiser. Lorsque l'information est positive, l'entrepreneur fait face à un compromis entre le partage du risque et la sous‐évaluation de ses titres par les investisseurs non informés. En situation d'équilibre, l'entrepreneur qui détient une information positive conserve la totalité des titres ou en vend une fraction au prix qu'offrirait un entrepreneur détenant de l'information négative. Le prix, dans ce dernier cas, reflète les attentes rationnelles des investisseurs quant à la proportion des titres conservée par l'entrepreneur, en fonction de l'information dont il dispose. L'application des classements de Pareto n'est possible que dans certains cas seulement dans des situations où la proportion de titres conservée est soit observable soit non observable. Les auteurs traitent des conséquences des résultats de leurs recherches sur la réglementation relative aux valeurs mobilières.

This study assesses the stock market's reaction to a series of events leading up to a mandated change in accounting for retail land sales. Evidence is found to support the conclusion that the market reacted to some of these events in a manner consistent with the effects of the accounting change on debt annagement contracts. A distinctive aspect of the analysis is the efficient use of security returns data to detect market reactions and to derive empirical distributions of test statistics employed. The analysis is extended by a model for grouping regression equations known as seemingly unrelated regressions. However, the gains from this extension are modest.

This article presents a model in which the impact of international accounting standards on product market competition can be assessed. Formulating the choice of disclosure rules as the first stage in a multistage game between countries and representative incumbent and entrant firms, we establish conditions under which an enforceable international standard to require line‐of‐business (LOB) reporting could lead to strict improvement in the expected national welfare of participating countries over the equilibrium that would otherwise be attained. Additional results consider the effects of changes in certain model assumptions and the addition of tariffs as further trade policy instruments. Résumé. Les auteurs proposent un modèle permettant d'évaluer l'incidence des normes comptables internationales sur la concurrence, sur les marchés de produits. Ils posent d'abord le choix des règles de présentation de l'information comme étant la première étape d'un jeu à multiples épisodes entre les pays et entre les sociétés en place représentatives du secteur et les nouvelles venues. Ils établissent ensuite les conditions dans lesquelles l'application possible d'une norme internationale exigeant la publication d'information sectorielle pourrait mener à une stricte amélioration de la prospérité nationale attendue des pays participants, au‐delà du niveau d'équilibre qui serait autrement atteint. Les auteurs s'intéressent entre autres, dans leurs travaux, aux répercussions de la modification de certaines hypothèses du modèle et de l'introduction des tarifs douaniers à titre d'instruments de la politique d'échange.