Cost information, Cost report, Timing, Expected value of information

Cost information, Cost report, Timing, Expected value of information

Recently, agency theory has become popular as a means of explaining the structure of contracts between various classes of economic agents. Oftentimes the contracts of interest represent sharing rules for the payoffs that result from some production activity. In the usual two-party model of the contracting problem, one party designated the principal delegates authority for decisions affecting production to another party designated the agent. Typically, the assumptions made about the consequences of the agent's actions are that they are associated with effort on the part of the agent for which the agent (but not the principal) has disutility, and that greater effort will result in higher payoffs from production in every state of nature. Moral hazard is then introduced by assuming that the principal is unable to observe the agent's effort, or to infer what effort the agent applied through an ex post observation of the payoff that results.

This article provides a rigorous development of a contract (or commitment) basis of accounting as an alternative to the exchange basis in present use. Specifically, the analysis deals with the valuation of executory contracts including purchase commitments, forward contracts in foreign exchange, employee stock options, and leases. Notwithstanding the severity of assumptions, the analysis provides a coherent, logical, and widely applicable model of valuation in accounting.

Internal audits derive their utility from the information which they provide about the effectiveness of the firm's system of internal control and from the effects they may have on the behavior of that system, both before and after the audit has been performed. This study concentrates on the informational aspects of internal audits, with particular attention being given to audit timing. A sequential decision process is defined wherein the objective is to minimize expected total discounted costs. The decision process can be characterized as an infinite-state, time-varying Markov decision process, and, accordingly, the decision model can be called a Markov decision model. Solutions to this model are obtainable by dynamic programming.

The analysis in this paper considers the effects of relaxing regulations that ensure that the proportions of ownership retained by entrepreneurs in new issues are observable to investors. Entrepreneurs, endowed with full ownership of their firms and private information concerning future prospects, seek to share risks with investors able to diversify those risks away. There is a trade‐off for entrepreneurs receiving good news between shedding risk and having their shares undervalued by uninformed investors. In equilibrium, an entrepreneur with good news either retains full ownership or sells a portion of his shares at the same price offered by an entrepreneur with bad news. The price in the latter case reflects rational expectations by investors as to the proportion of ownership retained by the entrepreneur conditional on his news. Only in certain cases are Pareto orderings possible across regimes in which ownership retention is either observable or unobservable. Implications for securities regulation are discussed. Résumé. Les auteurs s'intéressent dans leur analyse aux conséquences de l'assouplissement de la réglementation voulant que la proportion de titres retenue par les entrepreneurs dans les nouvelles émissions soit observable pour les investisseurs. Les entrepreneurs qui ont la propriété exclusive de leur entreprise et qui disposent d'une information privilégiée au sujet des ses perspectives d'avenir cherchent à partager leurs risques avec des investisseurs capables de diversifier ces risques de manière à les minimiser. Lorsque l'information est positive, l'entrepreneur fait face à un compromis entre le partage du risque et la sous‐évaluation de ses titres par les investisseurs non informés. En situation d'équilibre, l'entrepreneur qui détient une information positive conserve la totalité des titres ou en vend une fraction au prix qu'offrirait un entrepreneur détenant de l'information négative. Le prix, dans ce dernier cas, reflète les attentes rationnelles des investisseurs quant à la proportion des titres conservée par l'entrepreneur, en fonction de l'information dont il dispose. L'application des classements de Pareto n'est possible que dans certains cas seulement dans des situations où la proportion de titres conservée est soit observable soit non observable. Les auteurs traitent des conséquences des résultats de leurs recherches sur la réglementation relative aux valeurs mobilières.

This study assesses the stock market's reaction to a series of events leading up to a mandated change in accounting for retail land sales. Evidence is found to support the conclusion that the market reacted to some of these events in a manner consistent with the effects of the accounting change on debt annagement contracts. A distinctive aspect of the analysis is the efficient use of security returns data to detect market reactions and to derive empirical distributions of test statistics employed. The analysis is extended by a model for grouping regression equations known as seemingly unrelated regressions. However, the gains from this extension are modest.

Following a five year moratorium on adoption of interest capitalization by the SEC, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued SFAS No. 34 mandating that firms previously writing off interest charges related to the construction of assets change to capitalizing those charges. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of this change in terms of the security market's reactions both to policy announcements leading up to the promulgation of SFAS No. 34, and to earnings announcements following implementation by affected companies. Significant average market reactions are indicated for two of ten policy announcements before the effects of firm size are considered; however, significance disappears when those effects are removed from excess returns. Although a bias is detected in the forecasts of analysts consistent with less than full revision to include the earnings impact, there is little evidence of market reactions to announcements of those earnings. Résumé. Après un moratoire de cinq ans sur l'adoption de la capitalisation de l'intérêt par la S.E.C., le Financial Accounting Standards Board a émis le bulletin numéro 34 qui demande aux entreprises qui passaient aux dépenses les charges d'intérêts reliées à la construction d'actifs, de les capitaliser. L'objectif de cette étude, est d'analyser l'impact de ce changement (en termes des réactions du marché des valeurs) aux annonces de politiques qui ont conduit à la promulgation du bulletin 34 et aux annonces de bénéfices qui ont suivi l'implantation pour les compagnies touchées. Les réactions du marché en moyenne sont significatives pour deux des dix annonces de politiques, avant de prendre en considération les effets de l'ampleur de la firme; cependant, ce n'est plus significatif lorsque ces effets sont retranchés des rendements excédentaires. Quoiqu'un biais soit détecté dans les prévisions des analystes, en accord avec une révision moins que complète pour inclure l'impact des bénéfices, il y a peu d'évidence des réactions du marché aux annonces de ces bénéfices.

In this paper, we examine the welfare effects of pre-production commitments made by firms competing in oligopoly markets and disclosure of such commitments. By commitments we refer to any device that provides a strategic incentive to alter production choices. Examples include forward contracts, capital structure, research and development investment, terms of compensation, and cost allocation. If the only purpose underlying commitment is to gain a strategic advantage in product market competition, then the result with disclosure can be characterized by Stackelberg warfare. Many potential commitments have non-strategic effects, implying a trade-off when optimizing, with imperfect achievement of both strategic (deterring rival production) and non-strategic goals. However, given disclosure, we show that in the limit as the number of commitment devices becomes large, firms achieve full Stackelberg warfare and total realization of non-strategic goals. Disclosure in this context is social welfare enhancing.