The correlation between instruments and explanatory variables is a key determinant of the performance of the instrumental variables estimator. The R-squared from regressing the explanatory variable on the instrument vector is a useful measure of relevance in univariate models, but can be misleading when there are multiple endogenous variables. This paper proposes a computationally simple partial R- squared measure of instrument relevance for multivariate models.

This paper isolates households in the PSID whose heads can be matched to particular long-term union contracts with high confidence. I use published information on these contracts to construct a household-specific measure of expected wage growth. I find that predictable wage movements are significantly correlated with consumption changes, contrary to neoclassical consumption theory. I find that consumption responds more strongly to predictable income declines than to predictable income increases. This asymmetry is inconsistent with liquidity constraints and myopia but is qualitatively consistent with models in which preferences exhibit loss aversion.