Problem and plan of the paper, 513. — I. National control of bargaining at the subordinate level: historical, 514; nature of the control, (a) formal constitutional limitations, 515; (b) intervention of the National office, 517. — determining factors of National control: structure of the product market, 520; non-market forces, 523. — Effects of National control, 524. — II. Formulation of demands: importance, 529; the local level, 529; the regional level, 530; the National level, 531. — III. The negotiating personnel and its powers: make-up of the personnel, 532; powers of the negotiators, 537; analytical implications, (1) "soundness" of bargains, 539; (2) other relevant variables, 540; (3) sub-committees, 541. — IV. Cooperative action among unions, 542. — Summary and conclusions, 544.

Importance of studying the formal aspects of trade-union government, 78. — Scope of the paper, 80. — I. Structural elements: the industry within which the union operates, 80; administrative problems faced by the union, 89; competition of other unions, 93; legal directives, 96. — II. Initative elements: meaning of the concept, 98; illustrations, 99. — III. Power elements: meaning of the concept, 102; classification, 102; the Musicians' Union, 104; other cases, 106. — IV. Summary and conclusion: two basic characteristics revealed, 108; relative importance of different factors, 108; separation of legislative, executive and judicial authority, 109; conflicting interests, 109; union philosophy, 109; centralization, 110.