Abstract In actual practice, is there such a thing as interpreting mathematical formulae with precision? The writer thinks not. The magnitude and complexities of the problems involved in many given situations give rise to interpretations requiring the aid of the courts. Untold factors must be considered before arriving at a decision. The law governing a stated situation must be determined upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case. That there has been constant and recurring litigation with respect to construction and interpretation of mathematical formulae is best attested by legions of cases officially and unofficially reported. The various cases discussed and set forth below merely touch the fringe in the gamut of mathematical formulae and their interpretations. Although the use of care and precision in describing mathematical formulae is essential if litigation is to be minimized or avoided, nevertheless even apparently simple formulae are inherently fraught with dangers that may involve expense and adverse rulings. Too often formulae are inartistically drafted and cluttered with barnacles of if's, and's, and but's.

Abstract One of the chief problems that concern the average taxpayer in the U.S. is that dealing with income taxes. The satisfactory solution of his Federal income tax puzzle will, of course, have its favorable concomitant effects on other related taxes and business problems. If the taxpayer can avail himself of a bona fide transaction whereby the net profits can be divided, the resultant saving to the recipient, arising through the application of lower graduated surtax rates, becomes obvious. One tax-saving expedient often encountered is the legitimate family partnership. Spreading the taxable income invariably results in tax saving. The author has offered suggestions which may be helpful on the subject of acceptable intra-family arrangement as a tax-saving device. One suggestion is that a partnership certificate should be drawn with meticulous care and be duly executed according to legal requirements. Copies of returns for income and all other tax purposes relative to the partnership business should be available.