The problem of discipline, 370. — Intervention by the courts: action beyond union's authority, 372; action against public policy, 373; remedies allowed are futile, 374; requirement of a fair trial, 375. — Judicial processes within trade unions: the problem, 376; punishable conduct, 377; initial action, 381; channels of appeal, 382; comparison of AF of L and CIO, 383. — Intervention by general or international officers, 383. — Summary of findings, 384.