The literature exploring the determinants of the increase in sovereign debt securities in banks’ portfolios during the crisis generally adopted a macroeconomic perspective (governments’ moral suasion, redenomination risk, etc.). This study adopts a microeconomic approach and analyzes the main bank-by-bank determinants of the purchases by investigating Italian banks’ balance sheet conditions from 2007 to 2013. The results show that banks’ specific balance sheet characteristics matter, and banks buy government securities to support their financial conditions. The high liquidity of government bonds, high yields, and convenience in terms of capital charges make them well suited to satisfying banks’ needs in periods of intense liquidity demand, declining bank profitability and loan quality, and rising capital constraints.

Firms affiliated with business groups survive the stress of the global financial and euro crises better than unaffiliated firms. Using granular data from Italy, we show that better performance stems partly from access to an internal capital market, as the survival value of group-affiliated firms increases with group-wide cash flow. Internal cash transfers increase when banks’ health deteriorates, with funds moving from cash-rich to cash-poor firms and, some evidence suggests, to firms with favorable investment opportunities. Internal capital markets’ role thus increases when external markets (banks) are distressed.

This article studies how ESG and conventional mutual funds trade stocks during the COVID-19 crash. Both fund types trade individual stocks similarly: Net purchases of ESG stocks are less sensitive than other stocks to fund flows pre-crash, but sensitivities increase for all stocks during the crash. In contrast, ESG funds’ aggregate net purchases are less sensitive than those of conventional funds during the crash. This difference is due to ESG funds’ portfolio tilt toward the less flow-sensitive ESG stocks. There is no evidence of an ESG clientele effect in trading decisions, as both fund types trade individual stocks similarly.