Governance practices differ significantly across blockholder types. Compared with financial blockholders, nonfinancial blockholders are six times more likely to identify as activists. A textual analysis of regulatory filings shows that nonfinancial blocks govern through customized governance actions, while financial blocks follow generic performance metrics. Furthermore, blockholdings drive an important limitation in using Russell index thresholds as an identification strategy. Manipulation of index weights by Russell is strongly correlated with nonfinancial block ownership, confounding previous research on passive ownership. Using both reduced-form and structural estimates, we find that the market expects greater value creation from the entry of a nonfinancial blockholder.

ABSTRACT We analyze minute‐by‐minute Bloomberg online status and study how the effort provision of executives in public corporations affects firm value. While executives spend most of their time doing other activities, patterns of Bloomberg usage allow us to characterize their work habits as measures of effort provision. We document a positive effect of effort on unexpected earnings and cumulative abnormal returns following earnings announcements, and a reduction in credit default swap spreads. This is robust to using exogenous weather patterns as an instrument. Long‐short, calendar‐time effort portfolios earn significant average daily returns. Finally, we revisit important agency issues from the literature.