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Transaction Costs, Order Placement Strategy, and Existence of the Bid-Ask Spread

Journal of Political Economy 1981 89(2), 287-305
By considering investor order placement strategy, this paper demonstrates that transaction costs cause bid-ask spreads to be an equilibrium property of asset markets. With transaction costs, the probability of a limit order executing does not go to unity as the order is placed infinitesimally close to a counterpart market quote; thus, with certainty of execution at the counterpart market quote, a "gravitational pull" is generated that keeps counterpart quotes from being placed infinitesimally close to each other. An equilibrium spread is defined and its size linked to market thinness; implications are noted for the design of a trading system.

Market Makers and the Market Spread: A Review of Recent Literature

Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 1979 14(4), 813
Kalman J. Cohen, Steven F. Maier, Robert A. Schwartz, David K. Whitcomb, Market Makers and the Market Spread: A Review of Recent Literature, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 14, No. 4, Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of the Western Finance Association, June 21-23, 1979 (Nov., 1979), pp. 813-814+816-835

Transaction Costs, Order Placement Strategy, and Existence of the Bid-Ask Spread

Journal of Political Economy 1981 89(2), 287-305
By considering investor order placement strategy, this paper demonstrates that transaction costs cause bid-ask spreads to be an equilibrium property of asset markets. With transaction costs, the probability of a limit order executing does not go to unity as the order is placed infinitesimally close to a counterpart market quote; thus, with certainty of execution at the counterpart market quote, a "gravitational pull" is generated that keeps counterpart quotes from being placed infinitesimally close to each other. An equilibrium spread is defined and its size linked to market thinness; implications are noted for the design of a trading system.