Lease accounting, Operating leases

Accounting and Decision Making, Advertising expenses, Discretionary expenses, Financial reporting

Wilbur W. Widicus, Jr., A Quantitative Analysis of the Small Business Investment Company Program, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1, Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Western Finance Association (Mar., 1966), pp. 81-111

The continuing discussion on the cost of capital and related Issues has tended to focus on the capital market conditions, necessary to guarantee the validity of particular conclusions Works by F Modlgllani and M. H. Miller [4, 5, 6] and J Lintner [2], for example, are developed in this manner. The following discussion is developed from the standpoint of a firm borrowing funds in an uncertain world. An example expressed in terms of an individual borrower begins the analysis. The aim is to suggest a different approach to the capitalization and costing of contractual obligations (debt) than those current in both the theoretical and applied literature. A model is developed which expresses the cost of debt to the borrower as a function of both the expected rate and the promised rate of the debt contract. Using this analytic structure, the relationship between the two rates and the Implications of using either one as the cost of debt to the firm are explored. An hypothesis as to the behavior of the borrower (management and shareholders) provides a third expression for the cost of debt which is suggested to be superior to either alternative.

Journal Article The Two Sector Growth Model with Fixed Coefficients Get access W. M. Corden W. M. Corden Australian National University, Canberra Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 33, Issue 3, July 1966, Pages 253–262, https://doi.org/10.2307/2974419 Published: 01 July 1966

Journal Article The Expectations Hypothesis, the Yield Curve, and Monetary Policy: Comment Get access Jack W. Cox, Jack W. Cox Federal Reserve Bank of New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Frederick W. Deming Frederick W. Deming Federal Reserve Bank of New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 80, Issue 2, May 1966, Pages 333–335, https://doi.org/10.2307/1880697 Published: 01 May 1966

Tacitus believed that the chief office of history is to prevent virtuous actions from being forgotten. That these few pages perform this office depends on the self-evident proposition that actions in support of economic knowledge are, in their nature, virtuous. In the history of economic thought the lineage of specific current doctrine or method at times takes on the tenuousness of a finely frayed thread that frustrates all efforts to distinguish the fibers comprising it. It often happens, in that circumstance, that the thread is knotted at some point short of its ultimate wanderings by a tacit agreement to recognize one or a few persons as the originators of the method or doctrine in question. When that happens, earlier efforts fall beyond the bounds of present memory. On occasion, however, it becomes possible to retie the knot somewhat farther back in the past. That is the function of the present note. currently accepted view 1 holds that the first recorded index number appeared in the work of G. R. Carli, an Italian who used a modified form of the simple average of relatives index number in 1764.2 This view probably originated with Wesley Mitchell, who named Carli as the inventor of the index number.3 In point of fact, this honor might be placed nearly a century earlier than Carli's effort, and certainly 25 years before it, depending on how strictly one chooses to define the term index number. If we give the term the broad meaning of a method or device which allows one to measure changes in aggregate price levels, we must consider a small book published by Rice Vaughan in the year 1675.4 Vaughan, an Englishman, was concerned with the rise in prices which had occurred in his native land over the preceding century. He wished to separate the influence on this price rise of the debasement of currency trom the intiuence of the heavy influx of gold and silver into Spain from the East and West Indies. In order to undertake this task, he required a measure of the general price rise which had occurred in that country. Vaughan relied on historic records of the wages of labor for his standard of measurement of price changes. Two considerations prompted his use of wages as a surrogate variable. First, labor carries with it a constant resultance of the Prices of all other things which are necessary for a Man's life. . Second, records of wages were more accessible than price data since statutes were readily available which always direct [ed] the rate of Labourers and Servants to be made with a regard of Prices of Victuals, Apparel, and other things necessary to their use. 6 Vaughan accordingly compared statutes setting wage rates for such labor as threshing grain and carpentry in the reign of Edward III with similar statutes of the period in which he wrote. On the assumption that these statutes reflected the costs to the laborer of his provisions, they served as ready-made index numbers. conclusion supported by these comparisons was that prices had risen to six or eight times their level of a century earlier.7 Those readers who insist that an index number must make explicit use of the prices to be measured are asked to consider the work of another Englishman of a slightly later period. In 1707, William Fleetwood, Bishop of Ely, published a defense of the fellows of a certain whose annual income from inheritances or pensions ran to more than five pounds.8 When the college was founded in the fifteenth century, its founders stipulated that a fellowship could be granted only to those students whose annual income from such sources was not in excess of that amount. A student of Fleetwood's acquaintance whose fellowship was in jeopardy appealed to the bishop. It was the student's contention that, in view of the past record of rising costs, an interpretation in the spirit of the regulation, rather than the letter, was more appropriate. student was perspicacious in his choice of * author is Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Missouri. 1See, for example, John E. Freund and Frank J. Williams, Elementary Business Statistics: Modern Approach (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 77. 2Del Valore e della Proporzione de' Metalli Monetati con i generi in Italia prima delle Scoperte dell' Indie col confronto del Valore e della Proporzione de' Tempi nostri, in Custodi, Scrittori Italiani de Economia Politica, Parte Moderna, XIII, 297-366. 'Wesley C. Mitchell, The Making and Using of Index Numbers, Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, 284 (Oct. 1921), 7. 'Rice Vaughan, A Discourse of Coin and Coinage (London: Th. Dawks, 1675). 5 Ibid., 107. 6 Ibid., 108. 7Ibid., 117-124. 8 William Fleetwood, Chronicon Preciosum: or, an Account of English Money, the Price of Corn, and Other Commodities, for the last 600 Years (London: Charles Harper, 1707).

T HIS PAPER considers a variety of theories of investment and attempts to find the importance of each of them. The theories considered fall into several groups. We shall consider these as parts of a single structure of investment which considers both supply and demand. The demand side of the model employs first, the acceleration principle using output, change in output, and expected output as explanatory variables. Next, this side of the model considers the cost of funds using the rate of interest, the flow of internal funds, and the debt-asset ratio. Finally, prices in the factor and product markets are considered. Supply restraints were taken into consideration by using the volume of unfilled orders and by restricting the analysis to the post Korean War period. This model is developed and discussed in the next section of this paper. It is well known that the investment process by an individual firm does not take place instantaneously but that there is a significant lag between the appearance of the need for additional capital goods and the actual investment. The lag structure employed is discussed in the third section of this paper. In the fourth section the data are discussed. This paper fails to find any significant effect on investment of prices or the volume of unfilled orders. All of the output variables and the cost of funds variables are of considerable importance. In particular, the rate of interest, flow of funds and debt asset ratio all play important roles. These empirical results are discussed in the fifth section below. II Theories of Investment Behavior