A longitudinal establishment data set is used to assess the effect of changes in workers' compensation benefits on the incidence of lost-workday injury and illness cases in manufacturing for the years 1979-84. Higher benefits are found generally to increase lost-workday cases. However, consistent with theory, the benefit effect is smaller in larger, more highly experience-rated establishments. After initial estimates are obtained using ordinary and weighted least squares, several count data models are explored that are more appropriate for the integer injury and illness counts in the data. The results are consistent across the specifications.

Abstract. This research identifies those characteristics that could potentially influence a choice to create an internal audit department and tests via discriminant analysis to evaluate whether such attributes significantly distinguish between companies with and without an internal audit department. In addition, qualitative characteristics of such departments are described, as is the association of such traits with errors and the overall control environment. A sample of 260 companies is examined. Companies with internal audit departments are observed to be significantly larger, more highly regulated, more competitive, more profitable, more liquid, more conservative in accounting policies, more competent in their management and accounting personnel, and subject to better management controls. Key discriminant variables are the degree of regulation, decentralization, size, the duration of association with present auditors, the existence of an audit committee, EDP control, and pressures by external parties on management to achieve budgetary goals. Qualitative attributes of internal audit are systematically associated with the overall quality of the control environment, as well as errors. The most important attribute appears to be the independence of internal audit in terms of the propriety of the reporting level. An advantage of internal auditing is that external auditors report a 10 percent reduction in the number of hours incurred and greater flexibility appears to exist in the proportion of work performed in off‐peak periods. Résumé. Les auteurs dressent l'inventaire des caractéristiques susceptibles d'influer sur le choix de créer un service de vérification interne et soumettent ces attributs à des tests, par voie d'analyse discriminante, afin de déterminer s'ils permettent d'établir une distinction claire entre les entreprises ayant et n'ayant pas de service de vérification interne. De plus, ils décrivent les caractéristiques qualitatives de ces services, de même que l'association de ces carctéristiques aux erreurs et au contexte global du contrôle. Les auteurs procèdent à l'examen d'un échantillon de 260 entreprises. L'étude révèle que les entreprises possédant des services de vérification interne sont beaucoup plus souvent des entreprises de grande taille, faisant l'objet d'une réglementation plus rigoureuse, plus concurrentielles, plus rentables, ayant davantage de liquidités, plus prudentes dans leurs conventions compatables, possédant une équipe de gestion et un personnel comptable plus compétents et soumises à de meilleurs contrôles de gestion. Les principales variables discriminantes sont le degré de réglementation, la décentralisation, la taille, la durée de l'association avec les vérificateurs actuels, l'existence d'un comité de vérification, le contrôle dans un cadre informatique et les pressions exercées par les tiers sur la direction pour l'atteinte des objectifs budgétaires. Les attributs qualitatifs de la vérification interne sont systématiquement asociés à la qualité globale du cadre de contrôle, de même qu'aux erreurs. L'attribut le plus important semble être le degré d'autonomie du service de vérification interne, c'est‐à‐dire le caractère approprié de ses liens hiérarchiques. La vérification interne comporte un avantage: les vérificateurs externes font état d'une réduction de 10 pour cent dans le nombre d'heures consacrées à la vérification, et il semble exister une plus grande souplesse dans la proportion du travail de vérification effectué en dehors des périodes de pointe.

Abstract. This study analyzes the choices made by 279 firms in response to the opportunity to adopt the new pension accounting standard. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87 , in 1986 rather than 1987. It tests the influence of political and agency variables and three income‐related variables on this accounting choice. The political variables, management compensation contracts, the magnitude of the income effect of adoption, whether the firm was a “bath” firm, and the earnings position of the firm relative to the prior year are all associated with the adoption choice. These results are analyzed further by considering specific debt covenants and by exploring alternate interpretations of the meaning of the change in earnings variable by assessing interactions between it and the political and agency variables. Résumé. L'auteur analyse les choix faits par 279 entreprises par suite de l'option qui leur était offerte d'adopter la nouvelle norme de comptabilisation des régimes de retraite. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 87 , en 1986 plutôt qu'en 1987. Il vérifie l'influence des variables politiques et des variables mandant‐mandataire, ainsi que de trois variables se rattachant aux bénéfices, sur ce choix comptable. Chacun des facteurs suivants est associé à l'option d'adoption: variables politiques, contrats de rénumération des cadres, ampleur des conséquences de l'adoption sur les bénéfices, occasion de flambée des bénéfices et bénéfices de l'entreprise par rapport aux bénéfices de l'exercice précédent. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une analyse plus poussée dans laquelle l'auteur tient compte de clauses restrictives particulières et explore d'autres interprétations de la signification de la fluctuation de la variable des bénéfices en évaluant les interactions entre cette fluctuation et les variables politiques ainsi que les variables mandant‐mandataire.

Unionization affects cost of production through compensation premia, technology shifts, and deviations from the least-cost combination of inputs. The first two are familiar, but the last is not. This article distinguishes the three effects, illustrates the factor-use effect, and suggests that it may resolve several apparent inconsistencies: union-induced cost effects appear larger than those implied by union compensation and productivity differentials; union compensation and productivity differentials suggest a larger effect on labor intensity of output than is observed; and employers complain that union work rules reduce productivity when there is little evidence that this is so.

Announcements of stock repurchase tender offers are examined as a source of information about firms' future earnings prospects and market risk levels. We document positive earnings surprises and equity systematic risk reduction following tender offers. Announcement stock price reactions are positively correlated with earnings surprises over the concurrent and subsequent two years, and negatively correlated with changes in equity market risk. Finally, stock price reactions to quarterly earnings announcements are more strongly correlated with time-series based earnings surprises in the year prior to the tender offer than during the subsequent year, consistent with tender offer announcements conveying earnings information.