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The Review of Economics and Statistics Vol. 107 No. 1 2025

Borrowing in an Illegal Market: Contracting with Loan Sharks

Kevin Lang1; Kaiwen Leong2; Huailu Li3; Haibo Xu4

1 Boston University · 2 Griffith University · 3 Fudan University; National University of Singapore · 4 University of Nottingham Ningbo China

Abstract

Using over 11,000 unlicensed loans to over 1,000 borrowers in Singapore, we provide basic information about an understudied market: illegal moneylending. Borrowers and lenders interact frequently and rely primarily on relational contracts to enforce their agreements. Borrowers have high discount rates, often have gambling and/or substance abuse problems, and often repay late. While lenders sometimes resort to nonfinancial punishments, the primary cost of late repayment is the compounding of a very high interest rate. Consistent with our view that lenders cannot extract all surplus, a crackdown on illegal lending raised interest rates and lowered the size of loans.

DOI
10.1162/rest_a_01246
Volume
107
Issue
1
Pages
269-278
Language
en
Sources
bibtex:phds-export.bib openalex crossref

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