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The Limits and Consequences of Population Policy: Evidence from China's Wan Xi Shao Campaign

Kimberly Singer Babiarz¹; Paul Ma²; G. A. Miller^3,4; Shige Song⁵

¹ Senior Research Scholar, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, School of Medicine, Stanford University; 117 Encina Commons; Stanford, CA 94305 · ² Assistant Professor, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota; 321 19th Avenue South; Minneapolis, MN 55455 · ³ Professor, Stanford Health Policy, Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305 · ⁴ Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) [email protected] · ⁵ Associate Professor of Sociology, Queens College, the City University of New York; 65-30 Kissena Blvd; Queens New York 11367

Abstract Most of China's fertility decline predates the famous One Child Policy — and instead occurred under its predecessor, the Wan Xi Shao, or Later, Longer, Fewer (LLF) campaign. Studying LLF's contribution to fertility and sex selection behavior, we find that LLF i) reduced China's total fertility rate by 0.95 births per woman (explaining 30.6% of its fertility decline), ii) doubled the use of male-biased fertility stopping rules, and iii) promoted postnatal selection (implying 180,000 previously unrecognized missing girls, or 19% of the total during our study period). Considering Chinese population policy to be extreme in global experience, our paper demonstrates the limits of population policy — and its potential human costs.

DOI

10.1162/rest.a.1695

Pages

1-45

Language

en

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