← Search Econometrica 1998 Characterization of selection bias using experimental data James Heckman; Hidehiko Ichimura; Jeffrey A. Smith; Petra Todd Sources openalex Cite APA 7 MLA 9 Chicago (author–date) Harvard Elsevier Harvard (JFE, JBF…) The Accounting Review Academy of Management American Marketing Association INFORMS (Management Science) Copy citation Copied ✓