Psychological Science 2026

Metacognition in Decision-Making Across Domains and Modalities: Evidence From Three Studies

Audrey Mazancieux¹; Katarzyna Hat^2,3; Renate Rutiku^2,3; Michał Wierzchoń^2,3; Kristian Sandberg^4,5,6

¹ Université Libre de Bruxelles · ² Jagiellonian University · ³ Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology · ⁴ Aarhus University · ⁵ Copenhagen University Hospital · ⁶ Rigshospitalet

Abstract

Metacognition involves second-order judgments about first-order judgments. It remains unclear whether an individual’s confidence in being correct is generated by the same system across tasks ( domain generality ) or whether it is computed independently in the context of each task ( domain specificity ). Previous studies have focused on correlations across several tasks, yet the evidence is mixed, and more complex models of domain generality were not taken into account. Analyzing data from 10 tasks collected across three studies in Denmark and Poland ( N = 253–547 adult participants), we found a fixed pattern of cross-task correlations for both metacognitive bias and metacognitive efficiency. In accordance with previous studies, we found that hierarchical estimation of metacognitive efficiency led to higher correlations. We used confirmatory factor analyses to investigate the existence of general processes. We found evidence for a weak domain generality with a metacognitive module for perceptual tasks and another for cognitive tasks.

DOI

10.1177/09567976251415354

Sources

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