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How large are optimal tariffs? What tariffs would prevail in a worldwidetrade war? How costly would a breakdown of internationaltrade policy cooperation be? And what is the scope for future multilateral trade negotiations? I address these and other questionsusing a unified framework which nests traditional, new trade, andpolitical economy motives for protection. I find that optimal tariffsaverage 62 percent, world trade war tariffs average 63 percent, thegovernment welfare losses from a breakdown of international tradepolicy cooperation average 2.9 percent, and the possible governmentwelfare gains from future multilateral trade negotiations average0.5 percent. (JEL F12, F13, O19)