Using a novel insider trading and short selling dataset from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx), we investigate potential information leakage from corporate insiders to short sellers, particularly in family firms. Even without the presence of market makers in the HKEx, we document a significant increase in short selling volume before insider trades are released to the public. The non-monotonic relationship between the short selling intensity and family control contributes to the debate on whether family presence facilitates or limits information leakage. In addition, trading by non-family insiders is more likely to convey private information, as compared to family insiders.

ABSTRACT We study how insider trading based on private cost information affects product market outcomes when firms differ in cost variance. In our model, managers exploit firm‐specific cost information to pursue short‐term trading gains, leading them to adjust output decisions and reshape product market competition. We show that trading opportunities have heterogeneous effects on firms' production and value: firms with high cost variance overproduce, whereas those with low cost variance underproduce; correspondingly, the value of firms with high cost variance rises, while that of firms with low cost variance declines. These results demonstrate how heterogeneous costs and private cost information create real economic consequences by linking insider trading incentives to distortions in product market competition and firm value.

We investigate how international trade shocks affect corporate investment efficiency. Utilizing a novel pairwise firm-product level dataset in China, we find that the investment efficiency of target firms significantly improves following the implementation of trade defense instruments (TDIs), including antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures. The reduction in free cash flow and heightened competition triggered by TDIs discourage overinvestment, particularly in firms more prone to overinvestment and those operating in industries with lower ex-ante competition. Moreover, the efficiency-enhancing effect is more pronounced in firms subject to stricter penalties and higher-value targeted products. Taken together, these findings suggest that Chinese target firms respond to international trade shocks by altering their investment strategies and improving efficiency.

We examine whether the immigration status of entrepreneurs is a concern for creditors when extending trade credit. Utilizing the disclosure of overseas residence rights of controlling shareholders in China, we show that overseas residence rights negatively affect firms' ability to obtain trade credit. This negative association is attenuated if the overseas jurisdiction has an extradition treaty with China. Our results are robust to the introduction of the Hong Kong national security law as a source of exogenous variation in the boundary of domestic law. The decrease in trade credit provision is more pronounced in firms that are perceived as less trustworthy (i.e., with less social trust or higher expropriation risk). Our results offer new insights into how the reach of law across borders can affect firms' financing activities.

Short sellers actively exploit trading opportunities from insider sales. We argue that, in response to concern about potential order flow information leakage, insiders strategically disguise their order flows to escape trading competition. Our model predicts that, when short sellers are sensitive to order flow information, insiders are more likely to adopt a cautious trading strategy, i.e., splitting their trades over time. Empirically, we identify cautious trading by tracking consecutive transactions at the insider-strategy level. We find that, when anticipating intensive short selling potential, (1) insiders tend to trade cautiously; and (2) cautious insiders tend to reduce their initial trades. Overall, we highlight the strategic interaction between insiders and short sellers on the diffusion of order flow information.