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Crash Risk and the Auditor–Client Relationship

Contemporary Accounting Research 2017 34(3), 1715-1750
This study examines whether the term of the auditor–client relationship (i.e., auditor tenure) is associated with future stock price crash risk measured both ex ante and ex post. Using a large sample of U.S. public firms with Big 4 auditors, we find robust evidence that auditor tenure is negatively related to one†year†ahead stock price crash risk. The evidence is consistent with monitoring†by†learning where development of client†specific knowledge over the term of the auditor–client relationship enhances auditors’ ability to detect and deter bad news hoarding activities by clients, thereby reducing future crash risk. This result holds even after controlling for endogeneity of the tenure/crash risk relation. We further provide evidence indicating that option market investors do not fully incorporate the information contained in the term of auditor–client relationship in predicting future stock price crash risk. Our empirical results have important policy implications for regulators concerned with ensuring auditor independence.Les auteurs se demandent si la durée de la relation auditeur†client (soit la durée du mandat de l'auditeur) est en relation avec le risque d'effondrement futur du cours des actions, évalué ex ante et ex post. En étudiant un vaste échantillon de sociétés des États†Unis faisant appel public à l’épargne qui ont recours aux services des Quatre Grands cabinets d'audit, ils recueillent des preuves convaincantes que la durée du mandat de l'auditeur est en relation négative avec le risque d'effondrement du cours des actions une année à l'avance. Ces preuves sont conformes à la pratique de la « surveillance par l'apprentissage », le perfectionnement des connaissances relatives au client pendant la durée de la relation auditeur†client améliorant l'aptitude des auditeurs à déceler et prévenir chez les clients le comportement de thésaurisation des mauvaises nouvelles, ce qui a pour effet de réduire le risque d'effondrement futur. Ces résultats persistent même une fois contrôlée l'endogénéité de la relation entre la durée du mandat et le risque d'effondrement. Les auteurs produisent d'autres preuves que les investisseurs sur le marché des options n'incorporent pas entièrement l'information que recèle la durée de la relation auditeur†client dans la prévision du risque d'effondrement futur du cours des actions. Les résultats empiriques de l’étude ont d'importantes conséquences au chapitre des politiques pour les autorités de réglementation soucieuses de l'indépendance des auditeurs.

The Importance of Director External Social Networks to Stock Price Crash Risk*

Contemporary Accounting Research 2021 38(2), 903-941 open access
Prior research documents that information transmitted via director networks affects firms' policies and real economic activities. Given a manager's potential monopoly over firm information, it is important to analyze whether information transmission through director social networks undermines the manager's control. Specifically, we explore whether information flow through director networks influences managers' ability to hoard bad news. We predict and find that the extent of external connections of the board of directors is negatively associated with future stock price crash risk. Additional analysis implies that this evidence is driven by firms with more powerful executives, with weaker auditor monitoring, or subject to strong investor protection, and by directors with greater monitoring incentives or responsibilities and directors with less firm‐specific knowledge. Collectively, our research lends empirical support for the monitoring view under which better‐informed directors narrow the scope for bad news hoarding evident in stock price crash risk. In another series of tests, we fail to find evidence consistent with the information leakage view under which directors pass sensitive firm‐specific information to connections that trade on the information before its public release. Other analysis helps dispel the concern that the endogenous match between directors and companies is spuriously responsible for our core results. Our empirical findings have important implications on how social networks affect the proper functioning of capital markets.