A Liquid Yield Option Note (LYON) is a zero coupon, convertible, callable, puttable bond. This paper presents a simple contingent claims pricing model for valuing LYONS and uses the model to analyze a specific LYON issue.
This paper joins together two fields of research in financial economics. The first field studies stochastic dominance, while the second field studies arbitrage pricing. The two fields are linked together through the derivation and the proof of a characterization theorem. The characterization theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of arbitrage opportunities in terms of the existence of two assets, one of which first order stochastically dominates the other and the price of a particular contingent claim. Examples are provided to demonstrate the theorem's content.
Part One: Introduction to Investments Chapter 1: The Investment Setting Chapter 2: Security Markets Chapter 3: Participating in the Market Chapter 4: Investment Companies: Mutual Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, Closed-End funds, and Unit Investment Trusts Part Two: Analysis and Valuation of Equity Securities Chapter 5: Economic Activity Chapter 6: Industry Analysis Chapter 7: Valuation of the Individual Firm Chapter 8: Financial Statement Analysis Part Three: Issues in Efficient Markets Chapter 9: Efficient Markets and Anomalies Chapter 10: Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis Part Four: Fixed-Income and Leveraged Securities Chapter 11: Bond and Fixed-Income Fundamentals Chapter 12: Principles of Bond Valuation and Investment Chapter 13: Convertible Securities and Warrants Part Five: Derivative Products Chapter 14: Put and Call Options Chapter 15: Commodities and Financial Futures Chapter 16: Stock Index Futures and Options Part Six: Broadening the Investment Perspective Chapter 17: A Basic Look at Portfolio Management and Capital Market Theory Chapter 18: Duration and Bond Portfolio Management Chapter 19: International Securities Markets Chapter 20: Investments in Real Assets Chapter 21: Alternative Investments: Private Equity and Hedge Funds Chapter 22: Measuring Risks and Returns of Portfolio Managers Appendices Appendix A: Compound Sum of $1 Appendix B: Compound Sum of an Annuity of $1 Appendix C: Present Value of $1 Appendix D: Present Value of an Annuity of $1 Appendix E: Time Value of Money and Investment Applications Appendix F: Using Calculators for Financial Analysis
By assuming asymmetric information between investors and firms seeking new equity, we derive a rational expectations, partially revealing information equilibrium in which three forms of equity financing are observed. The highest quality firms employ a standby rights offers, intermediate quality firms signal their true value in the choice of a subscription price in an uninsured rights offer, while low‐quality firms remain indistinguishable to investors by making fully underwritten issues. The model offers justification for many firms using apparently more costly underwritten offers, provides a reason why firms using uninsured rights offers do not set arbitrarily low subscription prices to ensure the success of the issue, and explains the simultaneous existence of the three financing vehicles.
Evidence of excess volatilities of asset prices compared with those of market fundamentals is often attributed to speculative bubbles. This study demonstrates that bubbles could in theory lead to excess volatility, but it shows that certain variance bounds tests preclude bubbles as an explanation. The evidence ought to be attributed to model misspecification or inappropriate statistical tests. One important misspecification occurs if a researcher incorrectly specifies the time series properties of market fundamentals. A bubble‐free example economy characterized by a potential switch in government policies produces asset prices that would appear, to an unwary researcher, to contain bubbles.
By assuming asymmetric information between investors and firms seeking new equity, we derive a rational expectations, partially revealing information equilibrium in which three forms of equity financing are observed. The highest quality firms employ a standby rights offers, intermediate quality firms signal their true value in the choice of a subscription price in an uninsured rights offer, while low-quality firms remain indistinguishable to investors by making fully underwritten issues. The model offers justification for many firms using apparently more costly underwritten offers, provides a reason why firms using uninsured rights offers do not set arbitrarily low subscription prices to ensure the success of the issue, and explains the simultaneous existence of the three financing vehicles.
Recent theory has demonstrated that the Arbitrage Pricing Model with K factors critically depends on whether K eigenvalues dominate the covariance matrix of returns as the number of securities grows large. The purpose of this paper is to test whether sample covariance matrices can be characterized as having K large eigenvalues. Using all available data on the 1983 CRSP tapes, we compute sample covariance matrices of returns in sequentially larger portfolios of securities. Analyzing their eigenvalues, we find evidence that one eigenvalue dominates the covariance matrix indicating that a one‐factor model may describe security pricing. We also find that, for values of K larger than one, there is no obvious way to choose the number of factors. Nevertheless, we find that while only the first eigenvalue dominates the matrix, the first five eigenvalues are growing more distinct.
Now available directly from: IIE11 Dupont Circle, NWWashington, DC 20036Tel: (202) 328-9000This book traces the origins of international debt and recent trends that burden it, including the effect of oil price shocks, high interest rates, and world recession. It examines the extent of the financial system's vulnerability, and the adequacy of bank regulation and of central bank coverage for emergency lending to international banks.Recent international rescue measures mounted for the major developing countries are discussed, and the prospects for orderly servicing of the debt during the next three years are reviewed under alternative assumptions about world economic conditions to determine whether the problem is one of short-term illiquidity or longer-term insolvency. The book also notes the implications of reduced bank lending for growth in developing countries and, by induced effects on trade, in industrial countries. It considers mainstream policy measures, especially increasing the resources of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, as well as more radical proposals, such as mandatory stretch-outs and write-downs of bank loans.
This paper analyzes the structure of loan commitment contracts and the interrelationships among their component parameters. Lenders offer borrowers a set of loan “packages,” from which the latter may choose that “package” found to be most appealing. Borrowers may “trade off” changes in any loan parameter in exchange for other adjustments. The borrower, at this time, may “purchase” a larger credit ration for a price. Supporting empirical evidence is presented.