Knowledge that Transforms

State and local governments are at a financial crossroads. As the federal government attempts to reduce its deficits, state governments will have to provide a greater share of support for mandatory social programs. Local governments face demands for new initiatives in education and for civic improvements. Both have obligations to employee pension plans that are large and still relatively untested. Running counter to these claims on state and local budgets is a voter effort to limit the amounts that governments may tax or spend.This fourth edition of James A. Maxwell's classic and widely acclaimed book will help both layman and lawmaker understand the choices open to their governments. It provides a lucid, nontechnical analysis of state and local finance. It gives concise descriptions of the taxes, grants, debt issues, and user charges that finance state and local government and discusses their relative virtues and drawbacks. It traces the history of state and local finance and presents statistical data on expenditures, federal aid, revenue from taxes and user charges, debt, and pension funds. The new edition, in recognition of changes since the mid-1970s, also includes a separate chapter on financing education and broadened analyses of federal grant programs, employee retirement systems, and nonguaranteed municipal debt.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY is to develop a model of the residential construction sector of the U.S. economy with particular emphasis on the financial factors which provide a link between construction activity and the monetary sector. It was undertaken as part of a larger project to incorporate monetary policy variables into the econometric model constructed by the Research Seminar in Quantitative Economics at The University of Michigan. As this is an annual model designed for short-run forecasting and policy analysis, we have estimated our equations for the residential construction sector using postwar annual data. Our model consists of a set of equations which determine the flow of funds through financial intermediaries and their influence on construction activity. The rate of accumulation of savings deposits is assumed to depend on interest rates and personal financial saving. The inflow of deposits together with interest rates and other variables then determine the volume of commitments made by financial institutions to supply residential mortgage funds. The supply of mortgage commitments then affects housing starts and residential construction expenditures. Housing starts are also assumed to depend on the level of inventories of houses under construction and vacant units, the ratio of an index of rents to an index of construction costs, net household formations and personal disposable income. The results indicate that interest rates have a substantial influence on construction activity, but that the resulting changes in the Gross National Product are small relative to the cyclical fluctuations experienced in the postwar period. This influence operates not only through the effect of changes in long-term rates on the mortgage lending of financial intermediaries, but also through the sensitivity to short-term rates of the flows of deposits into these institutions. In addition, it was found that the substantial increase in the rate of accumulation of savings deposits by households during the recent period 1961-63 played a key role in maintaining the high volume of housing starts that took place. This increase occurred as a result of the rapid increase in household holdings of financial assets in general, rather than as a result of shifting out of marketable securities in response to a decline in interest rates, as was the case in earlier periods of increasing building activity such as 1954 and 1958.

Charles F. Walker, Allan H. Meltzer, Edgar Peske, Bion B. Howard, John P. Shelton, Ragnar D. Naess, Developments in the Curriculum and Teaching of Finance: Discussion, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 21, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Finance Association, New York, New York, December 28-30, 1965 (May, 1966), pp. 423-434