Knowledge that Transforms

This article studies how cultural heritage influences the differences in risk taking in financial markets. We combine data on the asset allocation of second-generation immigrants in Sweden with risk-taking culture in their parents’ countries of origin. We find that descendants of risk loving cultures are more likely to participate in equity markets, and, conditional on participation, allocate a larger share of financial wealth to equities. Moreover, they take on more idiosyncratic risk by favoring directly held stocks over mutual funds and forming more volatile portfolios. These findings are not driven by selective migration or other country of origin characteristics.

Using firms’ online job postings, we identify economically related peer firms in the labor market. Firms’ labor peers are vastly different from their industry peers, where the overlap is about 20%. Returns of labor-linked firms strongly comove, suggesting common responses to labor market shocks on average. However, industry shocks can affect firms outside the industry through the labor network, leading to substitution effects between labor peers. Last, we show that investors do not promptly incorporate news about labor-linked firms, leading to predictable subsequent returns. A long-short strategy exploiting this delay generates an average annualized excess return of 9%.

We conduct the first comprehensive study of blockchain currencies—stablecoins pegged to fiat currencies and traded on decentralized exchanges (DEXs). Using transaction-level data linked to wallet characteristics, we show that prices in these markets are generally efficient, though constrained by blockchain frictions such as gas fees and Ether volatility. DEX rates closely track traditional currency markets through arbitrage and informed trading. Traders with substantial market share and access to primary markets exert greater price impact, reflecting informational advantages. While blockchain markets may improve access for customers excluded from traditional venues, their scalability depends on addressing frictions inherent to decentralized trading.

This article studies how ESG and conventional mutual funds trade stocks during the COVID-19 crash. Both fund types trade individual stocks similarly: Net purchases of ESG stocks are less sensitive than other stocks to fund flows pre-crash, but sensitivities increase for all stocks during the crash. In contrast, ESG funds’ aggregate net purchases are less sensitive than those of conventional funds during the crash. This difference is due to ESG funds’ portfolio tilt toward the less flow-sensitive ESG stocks. There is no evidence of an ESG clientele effect in trading decisions, as both fund types trade individual stocks similarly.

We construct a measure ( fLMA ) of the extent to which neighboring firms hire similar types of workers, based on the similarity between the labor profile of a firm and that of its locality. We show that a firm’s innovation is positively related to fLMA. The enhanced labor mobility induced by higher fLMA is an important channel for this positive relation. This relation is stronger when firms have increased outside job opportunities for employees, increased knowledge spillovers via coworkership, and more employee stock options. Innovation is higher when intellectual property ownership is with employers, not employees. This effect increases in fLMA.

We analyze the effects of limited investor attention on the stock market reaction to innovation announcements and develop a new measure of patents’ economic value. We hypothesize that, when some investors pay delayed attention to innovation announcements, there will be a post-announcement drift in addition to the announcement effect, with the former decreasing and the latter increasing in investor attention. Using media coverage and abnormal Google search volume as investor attention proxies, we find consistent evidence. Our new attention-weighted measure of patents’ economic value has greater predictive power for future firm performance than measures based on the announcement effect alone.

Using high-frequency disagreement data from the investor social network StockTwits, we find that greater unsophisticated disagreement facilitates informed buying and selling. During periods of overvaluation, the facilitating effect of disagreement on trading is dampened for informed buyers but is amplified for informed sellers. These findings are unexplained by sentiment, news, and retail order flow, and they remain when we measure disagreement overnight and disagreement of technical investors, which alleviates the concern that disagreement and informed trading respond to a common shock. These findings suggest that informed traders respond meaningfully but differently to valuation changes induced by unsophisticated disagreement.

This article shows that exchange-traded funds (ETFs) “sample” their indexes, systematically underweighting or omitting illiquid index stocks. As a result, arbitrage activity between the ETF and its index has heterogeneous effects on underlying asset markets. Using an instrumental variables approach, we find that the trading activity of ETFs reduces liquidity and price efficiency and increases volatility and co-movement for liquid stocks but has no effect on illiquid stocks. Our results demonstrate that the effects of passive investing on asset markets depend on how passive funds replicate their target index.

Using a proprietary data set covering all foreign investors’ daily trades in the Chinese stock market from 2016 to 2019, we find that foreign order flows, facilitated by regulatory liberalization through several channels, present strong predictive power for future stock returns, implying that these order flows are likely informed. We track the source of this informativeness and find that foreign order flows significantly predict firm-level news and news-day returns, suggesting that foreign investors can effectively process local firm information. Finally, we find that regulatory reforms that generally relax investment access requirements further improve foreign investors’ predictive power.

We investigate how the government, as a customer, affects a supplier’s environmental policies. We find that government contractors have significantly lower levels of toxic pollution. Exploring the mechanisms, we show that government contractors reduce pollution by strengthening internal environmental governance and increasing investments in pollution abatement. Further analysis rules out alternative explanations related to reduced economic activities and financial constraints. Overall, our results highlight the government’s important role in disciplining corporate environmental misbehavior.