Knowledge that Transforms

Journal Article Organization of American Railroads under Government Control Get access Brice Clagett Brice Clagett Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 33, Issue 1, November 1918, Pages 188–195, https://doi.org/10.2307/1885015 Published: 01 November 1918

Stabilization of perishables aimed at; regulations to this end, 621. — Characteristics of the market for perishables, 623. — Fair prices determined at short intervals by agreement, 625. — Rejection of goods shipped, 628. — Salutary action of Food Administration, 629. — Methods of marketing, 631. — Conclusion, 634.

Fixing price to consumer of a commodity necessary for war, 72. — Necessitates regulation of distribution, 73. — Copper industry unique, 76. — A unified industry, 77. — Demand for American copper decreased at beginning of the war, later expanded, 79. — Copper became practically a "cornered" metal, 87. — Cooperative Committee on Copper appointed, 89. — Necessity for price-fixing becomes apparent, 92. — Sources of supply, 99. — Risks encountered in expanding production, 100. — Increasing cost due to war conditions, 103.

I. Tariff discriminations, 547. — Classes of discriminations, 548. — II. Discriminations and bargaining, 549. — Penalty duties, 549. — Bargaining systems, 551. — Most-favored-nation clause, 552. — III. Discriminations based on national policies, 555. — American experiences, 556. — British preference, 559. — Preference in non-self-governing colonies, 561. — IV. Conclusions, 562. — Possibilities of international treatment, 565.

Journal Article A Theory of Interest Get access T. N. Carver T. N. Carver Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 32, Issue 3, May 1918, Pages 536–538, https://doi.org/10.2307/1883516 Published: 01 May 1918

Number of miles placed in receivers' hands, 1907–17, 446. — List of principal companies which failed, 449. — Causes of failure, 454. — General nature of reorganizations, 462. — Provision for cash requirements, 466. — Reduction in fixed charges, 467. — Volume of capitalization before and after reorganization, 469. — Changes in rates of interest on outstanding bonds, 470. — Analysis of capitalization, 472. — The use of income bonds, 473. — Treatment of outstanding preferred stock, 476. — Treatment of general mortgage bonds, 481. — Conclusion, 483.

War as emphasizing inadequacy of transportation facilities, 129. — Extra burdens upon transportation due to the war, 130. — History, extent and consequences of insufficient transportation facilities in the United States, 133. — Statistics of car shortage since 1907, 135. — Reasons for inadequate transportation facilities, 143. — Traffic conditions compared with expansion of railway plant, 143. — Duty of railroads to furnish adequate equipment, 145. — Popular misconception of car shortage, 146. — Aggregate supply of railroad equipment sufficient in most years, 149. — Relation of railroads to each other in exchange and interchange of cars; recent disregard of car service rules; unfortunate results of the historical relations of shipper and railroad, 150. — Early facilities in excess of needs, 153. — Significance of increase in number of commission and middle men, 157. — Position of Interstate Commerce Commission on reconsignment, 159. — Responsibility of government regulation, 161. — Importance of adequate return upon investment and transportation facilities, 161. — Necessity for extension of federal authority over railway service, 166. — Esch-Pomerene law only a beginning, 167. — Comprehensive control of railway service necessary even with continuation of government operation or adoption of government ownership, 170.

Introduction, 238. — I. The Federal Trade Commission's investigation; its arbitration, 239. — The industry from 1910 to 1915, 240. — Rise in prices in 1916, 241. — Situation of the publishers, 243. — Arbitration by the Commission, 244. — Action of Department of Justice, 244. — Arbitration agreement falls through, 246. — II. Proceedings by the Department of Justice, 248. — Agreement for settlement of prices by Trade Commission, 249. — Injunction dissolving the Manufacturers' Association, 250. — III. Other developments, 251. — Recommendations to Congress for government control during the war, 251. — The Smith bill, 252. — Continuous cost reports, 252. — Statistical service instituted, 253. — Conclusion, 254.

Significance of cost analysis for economic theory, 507. — Analysis of commercial costs, 508. — Bearing on price policy, 511. — Devices resorted to: brands, cooperative arrangements, 511. — Analysis of manufacturing costs, 514. — Machine rate analysis, prime cost, additional cost, 514. — Endeavor to avoid cutthroat competition, by consolidations, associations, brands, uniform accounting, 517. — Competition in foreign markets, 520. — Conclusions, 521.

Extraordinary rise of iron and steel prices in 1916 and 1917, 598. — Comparison with conditions of 1899–1900, 601. — Four main problems involved in government regulation, 603. — Price announcement of September, 1917; nature of reductions, 610. — Further announcements, 612. — Prices maintained in January, 1918; slightly revised in March, 615. — Further slight revision in June, 617. — Conclusion, 618.