The Other January Effect (OJE), which suggests positive (negative) equity market returns in January predict positive (negative) returns in the following 11months of the year, underperforms a simple buy-and-hold strategy before and after risk-adjustment. Even the best modified OJE strategy, which benefits from several ex-post adjustments, does not generate statistically or economically significant excess returns. When the OJE is tested with a method that is consistent with investor experience it is clear the OJE is no more profitable than an 11-month strategy that uses November or December as the conditioning month.

Quantitative market timing strategies are not consistently profitable when applied to 15 major commodity futures series. We conduct the most comprehensive study of quantitative trading rules in this market setting to date. We consider over 7000 rules, employ two alternative bootstrapping methodologies, account for data-snooping bias, and consider different time periods. We cannot rule out the possibility that trading rules compliment some other trading strategy or that some traders may have success using a specific rule on its own, but we do conclusively show that none of these rules beat the market any more than expected given random data variation.

We conduct the first robust study of the oldest known form of technical analysis, candlestick charting. Candlestick technical analysis is a short-term timing technique that generates signals based on the relationship between open, high, low, and close prices. Using an extension of the bootstrap methodology, which allows for the generation of random open, high, low and close prices, we find that candlestick trading strategies do not have value for Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stocks. This is further evidence that this market is informationally efficient.

We use two extremely liquid S&P 500 ETFs to analyze the prevailing trading conditions when mispricing allowing arbitrage opportunities is created. While these ETFs are not perfect substitutes, our correlation and error correction results suggest investors view them as close substitutes. Spreads increase just before arbitrage opportunities, consistent with a decrease in liquidity. Order imbalance increases as markets become more one-sided and spread changes become more volatile which suggests an increase in liquidity risk. The price deviations are followed by a tendency to quickly correct back towards parity.

We examine liquidity commonality in commodity futures markets. Using data from 16 agricultural, energy, industrial metal, precious metal, and livestock commodities, we show there is a strong systematic liquidity factor in commodities. Liquidity commonality was present in 1997–2003 when commodity prices were relatively stable and during the recent boom. There is some support for both “supply-side” and “demand-side” explanations for this commonality. We find no evidence of a consistent link between stock and commodity liquidity in general. Energy commodities appear to provide a better hedge against equity market liquidity risk than the other commodity families.

We study the relative importance of social factors (including household, workplace, and neighborhood peer effects) and personal characteristics (including age, gender, tax rates, and funds under management) for asset allocation decisions. The most important factors (in order) are household peer effects, personal characteristics and workplace peer effects. Neighborhood peer effects and financial advice play a less important role. We use instrumental variables for both household and workplace peer effects and find results that are consistent with causal peer effects.

Monthly returns in countries with strong governance lead monthly returns in weak governance countries. This predictability holds in and out-of-sample at both the group and individual country levels. Moreover, the predictability is not fully explained by other related possible sources of cross-country predictability such as differences in country development, political risk, size, liquidity, short-selling constraints, the predictive ability of U.S. equity returns, or non-synchronous trading. It appears that equity returns in different countries react to value-relevant world information at different speeds based on their levels of country governance.