Reviews the book "Management Accounting," by Robert N.Anthony.

Abstract This article focuses on experience in teaching electronic data processing without a computer. The objective specified in the three courses is lot to train computer operators or programmers. Rather, the courses are intended to give the students enough information so they are able to evaluate intelligently the impact an significance of electronic computers on the type of work for which they are being trained. In the classroom it has been possible to teach the students the principles of flow charting and writing programs of instructions, but one does not get a sense of completeness unless it is possible to carry a problem all the way from definition to actual operation of the computer. In order to do this, arrangements were made with the Rich Electronic Computer Center at Georgia Institute of Technology to use their electronic computers for actual problem solving. Information coming back to the campus from former students indicates that even these introductory courses have had a significant effect on the direction and type of work being done by several of our graduates in business administration.

We investigate the linkage between changes in firm value and changes in capital allocation efficiency resulting from dismantling internal capital markets via spinoffs. We find no evidence of wholesale misallocation of capital pre-spinoff. On the average, excess value increases following spinoffs. Furthermore, changes in excess value are positively linked to changes in capital allocational efficiency following spinoff. We find that spinoff announcement returns are greater (smaller) when the parent allocates capital to the unit to be spun off in a seemingly less (more) efficient manner. Divested division capital expenditures move toward industry levels after spinoff, regardless of their relative investment opportunities.

This paper examines the use of stage mechanisms in implementation problems and provides a partial characterization of the set of subgam e perfect implementable choice rules. It is shown that, in many economic environments, virtually an y choice rule can be implemented. To illustrate the power of this approach, the paper discusses a number of models in which it is possible to implement the first-best (although it wouldn't have been possible to do so without using stage mechanisms). The diversity of these models suggests that subgame perfect implementation may find wide application. Copyright 1988 by The Econometric Society.

The authors extend E. Maskin's results on Nash implementation. First, they establish a condition that is both necessary and sufficient for Nash implementability if there are three or more agents (the case covered by Maskin's sufficiency result). Second--and more important--they examine the two-agent case (for which there existed no general sufficiency results). The two-agent model is the leading case for applications to contracting and bargaining. For this case, too, they establish a condition that is both necessary and sufficient. The authors use their theorems to derive simpler sufficiency conditions that are applicable in a wide variety of economic environments. Copyright 1990 by The Econometric Society.

We address the monopoly problem of designing and pricing a product line of goods distinguished by different quality and warranty levels. Consumers vary in their evaluations of these attributes, so that the problem is one of screening. It is sufficiently complex that the local approach commonly used does not work. Instead, we use new techniques for dealing with incentive constraints between nonadjacent consumer types. These techniques allow us to characterize optimal allocations that may not be monotonic. In particular, although the more eager types of buyer do pay higher prices and yield the monopoly higher profit, they may receive lower quality or lower warranty coverage. We find preference restrictions that restore monotonicity: concave risk tolerance implies that warranty coverage increases in type, and constant absolute risk aversion implies that quality increases in type.

Although industrialized countries continue to have business cycles, such cycles have changed significantly in character. In what follows I shall describe some of these changes and point to their possible implications for research and policy. Perhaps the most obvious change is that business recessions-periods of actual decline in economic activity -have become less frequent, shorter and milder. Interruptions to a steady rate of growth are more often simply slowdowns rather than actual declines in aggregate economic activity. This kind of shift can be observed in the business recessions identified by the National Bureau of Economic Research. On the whole, the five recessions of 194870 were shorter than the five recessions of 1920-38, produced smaller declines in output, income and employment, and were less widespread in impact. But recent recessions have been accompanied by higher rates of unemployment than might have been expected in view of other evidence attesting to their mildness. One of the factors underlying this shift toward recessions of lesser severity, and one reason why it may be expected to persist, is the trend in the industrial composition of employment. Industries that normally experience larger percentage reductions in employment when recession hits are less important in the overall economic picture nowadays, while industries that often continue to expand right through recession have become more important. Of the eleven major industrial sectors that account for total employment, seven experienced reductions averaging three percent or more during the five recessions of 1948-70 (Table 1). These seven sectors include manufacturing of durable goods like autos and appliances, with an average drop of 12 percent; mining, with an average drop of 10 percent; transportation and utilities, with an average drop of 5 percent; and farming, manufacturing of nondurable goods like textiles, construction, and federal employment, with drops of 3 to 4 percent. Employment in these seven sectors constituted more than half of total employment in 1955, but by 1972 their share had declined to about two-fifths. The other four major sectors--wholesale and retail trade; services; finance, insurance, and real estate; and state and local government -experienced much smaller declines or actual increases in employment during the five most recent recessions. They accounted for slightly less than half of total employment in 1955; by 1972 they accounted for three-fifths of the total. In short, the industries that have coiitributed most to reduced employment during recession have shown little or no growth during the past fifteen years or so, while those that have contributed least to recession have grown much faster. The added stability has reduced the impact of recession upon total employment by something like one-third. If the 1955 distribution of employment among the eleven sectors had prevailed in all five recessions of * Vice-President/Research, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., and Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

A. The Effective Price of Heroin Traditional representations of demand curves assume that the dollar price of a good is the only significant element of the cost to the consuming individual. For most goods, other aspects of consumption such as transaction costs and uncertainty about quality are assumed to play a minor role. Not so with heroin. Heroin is different because, first, users face significant transaction costs. Often they must search intently for an opportunity to score. In addition, in any attempt to score they risk being arrested or victimized by other addicts. The consequences of these transaction costs include withdrawal symptoms, beatings, and jail. Second, users face quality uncertainties which may be even more significant. The amount of pure heroin and the toxicity of adulterants vary widely among street bags. The possible consequences include fraud and death. Against these possible consequences of purchasing and using heroin, the dollar price may be relatively unimportant.Consequently, in describing the cost of consuming heroin, it is best to speak in terms of an effective price of heroin. The eff ective price is defined as an index including the following elements: dollar price, amount of pure heroin, toxicity of adulterants, access time, and threats of victimization and arrest. Many of these elements are uncertain quantities from the point of view of the consumer.