This paper examines whether middle age American households purchase adequate amounts of life insurance. The analysis is based on SRI International's 1980, 1982, and 1984 surveys of the financial positions of American households. Our findings indicate that a significant minority of American wives are highly underinsured with respect to the possible deaths of their husbands. We find that 25 to 30% of wives are inadequately insured, by which we mean that they would suffer a loss in their rate of sustainable consumption of at least 30% in the event of being widowed. These findings on inadequate life insurance are even more striking if one focuses on those households in which over half of the couple's present expected value of resources is dependent on the husband's survival. The results of this paper together with those of the related literature strongly suggest that raising the share of social security benefits that are paid to surviving spouses as well as increasing employer-provided group life insurance could have a very considerable impact on the alleviation of poverty among widows, especially elderly widows.

When the managers of a firm are not its owners, agency problems result if managers take actions that maximize their own utility rather than the value of the firm. This paper investigates the existence of agency problems in mutual savings and loans. Using a more general approach than in previous studies, I show that mutual S&Ls were operating with an inefficient output mix while stock S&Ls were not, suggesting an agency problem among mutual S&Ls. The results cast doubt on a common argument that mutuals convert to stock S&Ls to capture economies of scale.

Forty‐nine audit partners and managers were provided with a comprehensive list of audit tasks. Having been provided with definitions and instructions, the auditors were asked to identify the primary decision aid (automation, decision support systems, knowledge‐based expert systems, and strictly human processing) applicable for each of the audit tasks. The results indicate that although the effect of audit methodology of the firm (structured, semistructured, and unstructured) on decision aid choices is mixed, the complexity of the audit tasks (structured, semistructured, and unstructured), auditor rank, and auditor specialty have significant impact on the decision aid choices of the participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Résumé. L'auteur a remis à quarante‐neuf associés responsables de la vérification et directeurs de la vérification une liste exhaustive des tâches de vérification. Munis de définitions et de directives, les vérificateurs devaient déterminer l'aide principale à la décision (automatisation, sytèmes de soutien à la décision, systèmes experts fondés sur les connaissances et traitement strictement humain) correspondant à chacune des tâches de vérification. Les résults indiquent que bien que l'incidence de la méthodologie de vérification de l'entreprise (structurée, semi‐structurée et non structurée) sur les choix relatifs à l'aide à la décision soit indéterminée, la complexité de la tâche de vérification (structurée, semi‐structurée et non structurée), l'échelon du vérificateur et sa spécialisation ont des répercussions appréciables sur les choix d'aide à la décision des participants. L'auteur se penche sur les conséquences de ces résultats, pour la recherche et l'exercice de la profession.

CHARLES BABBAGE deserves full membership in the club of mathematicians who have made significant contributions to economics, a club which began with Daniel Bernoulli (1738) and reaches at least to John von Neumann (1944). It is appropriate that Babbage's contributions were wholly nonmathematical, for his talents were richly varied and his behavior wonderfully eccentric. The invention of those ancestors of the modern computer, the Difference Machine and the Analytical Machine, is of course his greatest claim to fame: they are prodigies of both theoretical creativity and mechanical implementation. The Difference Machine was designed to produce and print mathematical tables by the use of finite differences. By 1822 Babbage had a small working model and was promising soon to produce logarithmic tables as cheap as potatoes. In building a large machine-which continually grew in power and complexity-he encountered and overcame innumerable analytical and mechanical problems. The work on the machine ground to a halt about 1832, after the Treasury refused to add to its previous grants of E12,000. Soon Babbage turned to the Analytical Machine, which consisted of two parts:

The paper develops an agency-theoretic approach to interest-group politics and shows the following: (1) the organizational response to the possibility of regulatory agency politics is to reduce the stakes interest groups have in regulation. (2) The threat of producer protection leads to low-powered incentive schemes for regulated firms. (3) Consumer politics may induce uniform pricing by a multiproduct firm. (4) An interest group has more power when its interest lies in inefficient rather than efficient regulation, where inefficiency is measured by the degree of informational asymmetry between the regulated industry and the political principal (Congress).

Disclosures, Investor sophistication, Information availability, Risk sharing

This study examines the hypothesis that in the presence of market frictions, relative put and call prices contain information concerning future returns of the underlying asset. A measure of relative prices is derived from the put-call parity relationship for index options and applied to a three-year sample of OEX option transactions. The results show that the measure of relative index option prices leads the stock market by at least 15 minutes.