The growing sensitivity of savings deposits to flow in response to changes in interest rate differentials has become so commonplace in the past decade that the term “disintermediation” has become a part of the economists' vocabulary. It is a major conclusion of this paper that the volatility of savings deposits began to increase as early as 1950 for savings and loan associations and credit unions and as early as 1945 for mutual savings banks. As an indication of this, we proxy changes in the competitive environment for savings deposits by making yearly estimates of the elasticity of savings deposits with respect to deposit rates at savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unions.

Douglas O. Cook, Lewis J. Spellman, Firm and Guarantor Risk, Risk Contagion, and the Interfirm Spread among Insured Deposits, The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 265-281

The announcement of a bank loan by a borrowing firm has been shown to have a positive effect on the market value of the borrower’s claims. This is consistent with a lender’s implied endorsement of the borrower––an endorsement that has value to the borrower. In this paper, we investigate whether the lender is able to extract a premium loan rate or certification premium in return. We find empirical evidence that in the absence of collateral reputable lenders are able to exact a certification premium.