IV. Distance as a factor in rate making, 279. — 1. Rates increase with distance, 282. — 2. Modifications of the distance principle, 288. — V. Natural advantages of location, 291. — 1. Natural advantages due to lower costs, 294. — 2. Natural advantages due to distance, 303. — 3. Group rates, 307. — 4. Natural advantages due to competition, 314. — VI. Competition as a factor in rate making, 317. — 1. Competition between carriers subject to and those not subject to the act to regulate commerce, 319. — 2. Competition between carriers subject to the act, 323. — 3. Competition between places or sections, 329.

VI. Competition (continued), 471. — 4. Export rates, 471. — 5 Competition between producers, 492. — 6. Competition to prevent a transportation monopoly, 497. — VII. Class and sectional interests, 501. — 1. Domestic versus foreign producers, 503. — 2. Vested interests, 504. — VIII. Fair return on investment, 513. — 1. Development of the theory, 514. — 2. Rates in general, 516. — 3. Particular rates, 524. — IX. General summary and conclusions, 528. — Essential points in a theory of government-regulated rates, 535.