Journal Article Alfred Marshall's Role in Price Maintenance in Great Britain Get access E. T. Grether E. T. Grether University of California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 48, Issue 2, February 1934, Pages 348–352, https://doi.org/10.2307/1885613 Published: 01 February 1934
Introduction, 203. — I. The German labor movement before 1918, 204; during the Revolution, 205; under the Weimar Constitution, 207; course of events thereafter, 208. — II. The development of the trade unions, 209; of collective bargaining, 212; the arbitration system, 215. — III. The works councils, 217; the economic council, 219. — IV. The labor law, 220. — V. The rise of National Socialism, 222; the position of labor under the Hitler government, 224.
I. The “purchasing power” argument of the silver interests, and its political importance, 245. — II. China not on the silver standard: the paper currencies, 249; variety of silver coins and weights, 250; copper coins, 251. — Money changing, 252. — Independent price levels, 254. — III. Hoarding of silver: in coin, 255; in ornaments, 256. — The price of silver: demand, 257; supply, 259. — Influence of conditions in China: warfare, 260; modernization, 264. — IV. Effects upon prices: in the interior, 267; in Shanghai, 268. — V. Chinese opinion primarily concerned with problem of uniformity rather than stability, 273. — Interpretation of the evidence, 277. — Conclusion, 280.
I. The legal basis of price maintenance in Great Britain, 620; government reports of 1920 and 1931, 622. — II. Movement toward group action, 623; general purpose of associations, 624; forms of organization, 625. — III. Methods of enforcing prices; collecting evidence, warning, etc., 625; the Stop List, 626; the problem of non-members, 626; relations with third parties who have purchased indirectly, 627. — IV. The relative effectiveness of price control; the problem of the coöperative societies, 628; the resistances within private enterprise; numbers of members of trade, 630; complexity of trade channels, 630; nature of product, 631; strength of opposing interests, 633. — V. Fundamental tendencies; rigidity and stability of price system, 635; emphasis on merchandising services, 639; growth in and limitation of, numbers of dealers, 639; the demand for intertrade coöperation, 640; effects upon types of dealers, 641. — VI. Application to the United States, 643.
It is recognized that the total cost of higher education, whether in institutions publicly or privately supported, must finally be a charge upon the financial resources of the people. It is probable that institutional incomes will continue to be reduced for some time to come. It is important, therefore, to study expenditures with the view to assuring high standards for those desiring a college education at a cost which they can afford to pay. There are two great areas of economy open to institutions of higher education. The first is in the field of institutional coordination on a regional or state wide basis. The second great area of economy is in institutional internal administration. Somehow you must bring judgment to bear on the problem in order to provide the educational opportunities best suited to the greatest numbers and at the lowest possible cost. The educational services of colleges and universities may include instruction, research, and public service. Instruction is commonly provided in all institutions.
The article presents a report to stock holders reflecting the findings of the Committee on Statistical Reporting and Uniform Accounting for Industry, for presentation to the Business Advisory and Planning Council for the Department of Commerce, with respect to the financial reporting of corporations to their stockholders. The Committee has surveyed the area of activities referred to it with a view to determining both the relative importance and the urgency of the several problems that are arising. The field covered by the words 'uniform accounting' is extensive. Many phases of accounting theory and practice are still in a controversial stage. The conclusion was inescapable that if the Committee hoped to accomplish any practical results it should limit the scope of its inquiry to one or two subjects which offered possibilities for tangible accomplishments within a reasonably short space of time. Business life by investment and the desirability of having it conducted upon the soundest basis possible, very soon brought to fore the question of the published reports by which listed companies furnish financial information to their stockholders and to the business public generally.
Keeping and supervising the accounts of a municipality and assisting the administrative officers through the medium of timely and proper information requires a higher degree of intelligence than does such a position with a mercantile concern handling a similar volume of business. In addition to preparing budgets, keeping the various funds properly accounted for and preparing statements for administrative guidance, administrators must know the numerous legal requirements affecting municipal affairs. It is on this recommendation that all friends and advocates of honest, economical government should focus attention, recognizing that at the present time approximately 20% of the total income of the United States is expended by local governments such as townships, school districts, cities, park districts, sanitary districts, and counties. It is recognized of course that accounting systems themselves cannot make people honest, but it is maintained that adequate systems will enable honest and well meaning public officials to administer the affairs much more successfully.